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)F THE INTERIOR 

liili GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director 



Watek-Stjpply Paper 219 



GROUND WATERS AND IRRIG 
ENTER PRISK 



IN THE 



FOOTHILL BELT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 



BY 



WALTER C. MENDENHALL 





WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1908 



/ 



DEPARTMENT OF THE [NTERIOR 
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGK OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR 



Water-supply Paper 219 



GROUND WATERS AND IRRIGATION 
ENTERPRISES 



/2S" 



IN THE 



FOOTHILL BELT, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 



BY 



WALTER C. MENDEXHALL 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1908 
C, " 



F 



-al° 



m 



D. OF 0. 

NOV 10 I 






i 



J 



CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Introduction 7 

Geography 8 

General geologic conditions 10 

Physiography 13 

General features 13 

Origin of physical features 14 

Fault lines 16 

Relative ages of the physical features 17 

Summary 18 

Rainfall 18 

Distribution and amount 18 

Dependence of water supplies on rainfall 22 

Storage facilities 24 

Measures for conservation of waters 25 

Absorptive capacity of sands 26 

Absorption estimates 28 

Character and condition of subterranean reservoirs 29 

The glacial hypothesis *. 30 

Character of the rock floor of the filled areas 31 

Ground-water districts 33 

Red Hills waters 34 

San Antonio underground waters 37 

Chino artesian belt 39 

San Jose Valley 42 

San Dimas district . 43 

Development 43 

Surface conditions 43 

Underground conditions 45 

San Gabriel Valley 47 

Pasadena Basin 50 

Fluctuations in ground-water levels 54 

Evident effects 54 

Measurements 56 

Wells near Pomona 56 

Wells near San Dimas 58 

AVells near Vineland 60 

Wells near Lordsburg 61 

Wells southeast of Pomona 62 

Wells northeast of Pomona 63 

W T ells in San Gabriel River basin 64 

Wells in Pasadena Basin 65 

Summary of results of water-plane measurements 66 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Irrigation enterprises 67 

Introduction 67 

Etiwanda Water Company 67 

Hermosa Water Company 68 

Ioamosa Water Company 70 

Cucamonga lands and Cueamonga Water Company 71 

Old Settlers Water Company 74 

Sunset Water Company 74 

Ontario Colony and San Antonio Water Company 75 

History of rights 75 

Pipe lines and conduits 78 

Operation and maintenance 78 

Annual cost 79 

Ontario Water Company 79 

Pomona irrigation 80 

Rights 80 

Canyon Water Company of Pomona 80 

Del Monte Irrigation Company 81 

Irrigation Company of Pomona 82 

Palomares Irrigation Company. 83 

Consolidated Water Company of Pomona 84 

Kingsley Tract Water Company (Limited) '. 85 

Mountain View Water Company 86 

Canyon Ridge Water Company 87 

Upland Water Company 87 

Orange Grove Tract Water Company 87 

Claremont Cooperative Water Company 88 

Citizens' Light and Power Company. - 89 

Chino Land and Water Company 89 

San Jose Valley systems 90 

Currier Tract Water Company 90 

A. T. Currier development 90 

North ditch 90 

South ditch 91 

Lordsburg Water Company 91 

Laverne Land and Water Company 92 

Laverne Irrigating Company 92 

San Dimas Irrigation Company 93 

Artesian Belt Water Company 95 

New Deal Land and Water Company 96 

Frostless Belt Water Company 96 

San Gabriel systems - 97 

History of rights 97 

Azusa Irrigating Company 101 

Covina Irrigating Company - 102 

A zusa Agricultural Water Compan y 105 

Citrus Belt Water Company 106 

Columbia Land and Water Company 106 

Western Water and Power Company 1 07 

Glendora- Azusa Water Company 108 



CONTENTS. 5 

Irrigation enterprises — Continued. ragp. 

Irwindale water companies 109 

Orange Avenue Land and Water Company 109 

Irwindale Land and Water Company 109 

Cypress Avenue Water Company J 10 

Vineland irrigation district 110 

Duarte water companies 1 10 

Rights 1 10 

Joint works 112 

Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Company 112 

Beardslee Water Ditch Company 113 

Monrovia Water Company 114 

Santa Anita Water Company 114 

Baldwin systems 115 

Sierra Madre Water Company 116 

Precipice Canyon Water Company 117 

Lincoln Avenue Water Company 117 

Sunny Slope Water Company 118 

Chapea Water Company 119 

Garvey Water Company 119 

Alhambra Addition Water Company 120 

Euclid Avenue Water Company 120 

Marengo Water Company 121 

Montebello Land and Water Company 122 

North Pasadena Land and Water Company 122 

Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Company 124 

Organization and territory 124 

Water supply 125 

History of water rights 125 

Devils Gate joint works 126 

Other works in Arroyo Seco 128 

Independent property 128 

Distribution 128 

Value of properties 129 

Pasadena Land and Water Company 130 

Organization and territory 130 

Water supply 130 

History of water rights 131 

Devils Gate joint works 132 

Independent property 132 

Distribution 133 

Value of properties 134 

Verdugo Canyon Water Company 135 

Yield of flowing wells 137 

Maps and tables 138 

Useful equivalents 139 

General statistics 139 

Well data 140 

Wells in Cucamonga quadrangle 140 

Wells in Pomona quadrangle 152 

Wells in Pasadena quadrangle 160 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



/ Page. 

Plate I: A, B, panoramic view of Arroyo Seco above Devils Gate; C, D, 
panoramic view of Palomares cienaga lands and the San Gabriel 

/ Range north of the Cucamonga Plains 8 

II. A, Devils Gate; B, submerged dam above Devils Gate 52 

III/ Map showing artesian areas and hydrographic contours in the 

valley of southern California In pocket 

IV. "Map showing irrigated lands, canals, pipe lines, and pumping 

plants in the Cucamonga quadrangle In pocket 

V. Map showing wells, artesian areas, and water levels in the 

Cucamonga quadrangle In pocket 

VI.' Map showing irrigated lands, canals, pipe lines, and pumping 

plants in the Pomona quadrangle In pocket 

VII. Map showing wells, artesian areas, and water levels in the 

Pomona quadrangle In pocket 

VIII. Map showing irrigated lands, canals, pipe lines, and pumping 

plants in the Pasadena quadrangle In pocket 

IX. Map showing wells, artesian areas, and water levels in the 

Pasadena quadrangle ■ . ." In pocket 

Fig. 1. Section of well No. 204, Pasadena quadrangle 32 

2. Diagrammatic section through the Red Hills 34 

3. Section along line of the Eddy or Cucamonga tunnel ' 34 

4. Section of well No. 69, Cucamonga quadrangle 35 

5. Section of well No. 54, Cucamonga quadrangle 36 

6. Section of well No. 73, Cucamonga quadrangle 37 

7. Diagrammatic section from the base of the San Gabriel Range through 

Indian Hill, Claremont, and Chino 38 

8. Section of Gird well No. 6, Cucamonga quadrangle 39 

9. Section of well No. 221, Cucamonga quadrangle 40 

10. Section of well No. 154, Cucamonga quadrangle 41 

11. Section of well No. 247, Cucamonga quadrangle 45 

12. Section of well No. 233, Pomona quadrangle 46 

13. Diagrammatic section across San Dimas, Wash 47 

14. Section of well No. 99, Pomona quadrangle 50 

15. Section of well No. 449, Pasadena quadrangle 51 

16. Diagrammatic section across San Gabriel Valley from Millard Canyon 

through Monk Hill and Oak Knoll 53 

6 



GROUND WATERS AND IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES IN 
THE FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



By Walter C. Mexdexhall. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In midsummer, 1903, field work was begun on a series of studies of 
the conditions under which the ground waters of southern California 
occur. During the preceding decade the inadequacy of surface 
waters, the perfection of pumping machinery, the development of 
cheap fuel and electrical power, and the discovery of the wide distri- 
bution and accessibility of ground waters combined to make these of 
increasing importance in the irrigation of the intensively cultivated 
horticultural districts which have made this portion of the State 
famous. Even the largest of the systems of irrigation, which a few 
years ago secured their waters wholly from the mountain canyons, now 
usually have subsidiary pumping plants, which are depended on to 
keep up the supply during the summer and fall, when the streams are 
lowest; and in addition to plants of this character, many companies 
have been organized that depend entirely on pumped or artesian 
waters. So extensive has been this development that a conservative 
estimate indicates that the proportion of underground water to sur- 
face water now used during the late summer period after dry winters, 
when the surface supply is lowest and the pumps are busiest, is as 
3 or 4 to 1. 

Obviously a resource which has become so important to the con- 
tinued welfare of so rich a district is worthy of careful study. Such a 
study is now under way, and its results are being made known through 
a number of water-supply papers that are being issued b} r the United 
States Geological Survey. The earliest of these to be prepared for 
distribution were a series of three (Nos. 137, 138, and 139) relating to 
the coastal plain which lies between the Coast Range and the Pacific 
Ocean. These papers did not embody close geologic determinations, 
but were rather records of the developments of underground waters 
which had taken place at the time of their issue, with some discussion 
of the effects of those developments in the region treated in them. 

7 



8 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

The more important data were graphically presented in maps and 
tables. A fourth paper (No. 142), on the San Bernardino basin, was 
more complete and critical, and contained, in addition to the essential 
hydrographic data, such significant geologic and economic informa- 
tion as had been brought out in the course of a rather careful general 
study of the valley. 

The present paper is intended to continue the presentation of evi- 
dence and conclusions which are of value to water users for the impor- 
tant region that lies along the south base of the San Gabriel Mountains 
from Cucamonga westward to Los Angeles. This belt embraces a 
small area in the extreme western part of San Bernardino County, but 
lies for the most part within Los Angeles Count}". It includes the 
important communities about Ontario, Pomona, Lordsburg, San 
Dimas, Covina, Glendora, Monrovia, and Pasadena, and is conven- 
iently and appropriately designated the "foothill belt." Within this 
area, which comprises only about 450 square miles of lowlands, there 
are between 55,000 and 60,000 acres of irrigated lands (exclusive of 
municipalities), a large proportion being in citrus fruits. This acre- 
age ranges in value from $200 to $2,000 an acre, and may be con- 
servatively estimated to be worth $20,000,000 or $25,000,000. In the 
same area there are about 40 flowing wells and nearly 400 pumping 
plants, representing an investment of at least $1,000,000 in wells and 
plants alone. There is, of course, an additional heavy investment in 
the connecting distributing systems. It is estimated that the pump- 
ing plants supply the equivalent of 80 to 100 second-feet of water, 
continuous flow, used largely for irrigation. This output is not regu- 
larly distributed throughout the year, but is largely concentrated in 
the dry months of July, August, and September, during which, 
after winters of light rainfall, the production of underground waters 
amounts to 300 second-feet or more. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

The valley of southern California is a complex lowland which lies at 
the south base of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges, opens 
directly westward to the Pacific, and communicates with the Mohave 
and Colorado deserts through Cajon and San Gorgonio passes. Its 
southern boundary is irregular, since in this direction finger-like exten- 
sions interdigitate with spurs of the Peninsula Range, whose main 
mass lies to the south; but its eastern, western, and northern bound- 
aries are perfectly definite. The entire area of this horticultural and 
productive center of southern California is not more than about 3,000 
square miles, yet in wealth, population, and teeming industry it is of 
more importance than all the rest of the State south of the Tehachapi 
Mountains. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




A, B. PANORAMIC VIEW OF 




C, J). PANORAMIC VIEW OF PALOMARES CIENAGA LANDS AH 



WATEH-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 219 PL. I 




)YO SECO ABOVE DEVILS GATE. 



:;. , ■: 




HE SAN GABRIEL RANGE NORTH OF THE CUCAMONGA PLAINS. 



GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES, 9 

The foothill belt is that part of the valley of southern California 
which lies along the base of the San Gabriels from Pasadena to the 
western edge of the San Bernardino Valley. It includes the greater 
part of two lowland areas, the Cucamonga Plains and the San Gabriel 
Valley, and the divide between them. The divide is a broad, low, 
interrupted pass that separates a northern outlier of the Coast Range 
in the vicinity of Lordsburg from the San Gabriel Range. This pass 
and the valley of San Jose Creek, just south of it, give the most direct 
lines of communication between Los Angeles and the easterly portions 
of the valley of southern California, about Riverside, San Bernardino, 
and Redlands. The Cucamonga Plains, forming the eastern section of 
the foothill belt, constitute a wide area of valley land, which slopes 
from an elevation of 2,000 feet on the upper portions of the great 
alluvial cones at the base of the San Gabriel Range to 500 feet at Rin- 
con, where Santa Ana River enters its lower canyon through the Santa 
Ana Mountains. Eastward the plains merge without intervening 
physical barriers into the San Bernardino Valley. 

Westward from the pass at Lordsburg the San Gabriel Valley 
opens. It is a rudely semicircular depression, whose base is the San 
Gabriel Range and whose encircling hills are the low and scattered 
representatives of the Coast Range. San Gabriel River crosses tins 
semicircle as a radius from the mouth of its mountain canyon above 
Azusa to the Paso de Bartolo, through which it flows out upon the 
coastal plain. One other stream enters the San Gabriel Valley from 
the mountains and escapes from it by an independent camion. This 
is Arroyo Seco (PI. I, A, B), which hugs the extreme western edge 
of the valley, finally breaking through the hills there to join Los 
Angeles River at the inner edge of the coastal plain. All other streams 
that drain into the San Gabriel Valley from the mountains are tribu- 
tary to San Gabriel River when all of their flow does not sink before 
reaching it. 

The general surface aspect of this valley is like that of the Cuca- 
monga Plains. The surface slopes gently, being steepest at the 
mountain base and flatter at a distance from it. San Gabriel Wash 
is the valley axis, and slopes are toward it from all directions. But 
in general the San Gabriel Valley slopes are less steep than those of 
the Cucamonga Plains, and there are within it, at the foot of the 
higher mountains, less extensive areas of lands too coarse and rough 
for cultivation. 

All of this foothill belt, and many square miles of mountains north 
of it, are shown on three of the L T nited States Geological Survey 
topographic sheets — the Cucamonga, the Pomona, and the Pasadena — 
drawn on a scale of about 1 mile to the inch. 



10 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFOKNIA. 

GENERAL GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. 

The problems of the occurrence, the volume, the direction and rate 
of percolation, and the accessibility of the ground waters in any region 
are intimately related to the rock masses, their position, character, and 
attitude, and these are problems of geology. The study of ground 
waters, then, is in many of its phases an application of geologic 
principles and can not be carried out with thoroughness or success 
unless those elements of the geology which have a bearing on the 
problems are studied at the same time. 

In order to make clear, therefore, the conditions which control the 
occurrence and circulation of the ground waters in the foothill belt, 
a resume of the important geologic factors is given. 

From the point of view of the water user the rock masses of the 
foothill belt fall into two very general classes, those which are water 
bearing and those which are not. 

In the class of the rocks that are not water bearing are the diorites, 
schists, and gneisses of the San Gabriel Range and of some of the foot- 
hills. Among the latter are the Verdugo Mountains and the San 
Rafael Hills, and there are areas in the Santa Monica Mountains and 
the Puente Hills which are made up of the same dense, practically 
impervious rock. Such rocks are not absolutely dry. They are in 
places fractured and shattered, or are affected by cleavage and joint 
cracks in which water in small quantities may occur, but it is prac- 
tically never sufficiently abundant to justify expenditures of capital 
in development work. Local water companies have at various times 
and places driven tunnels or bored wells in these rocks, but the result 
is invariably disappointing. The amount of water obtained does 
not compensate for the capital expended, and such developments 
are usually abandoned. 

Another series of rocks, very different in origin and appearance, is 
also placed in this class. These rocks are the shales, sandstones, and 
conglomerates, usually of Tertiary age, which make up the greater 
part of the low hills that rise at some distance from the base of the 
San Gabriel Mountains. The greater part of the Puente Hills, all of 
the hills about Los Angeles and east 'of that city toward San Gabriel 
River, and the main mass of the Santa Monica Mountains are made 
up of rocks of this type. 

These beds are sediments, finely stratified and folded, and they 
occasionally yield water in sufficient volume to be valuable. A group 
of deep wells west of Los Angeles, bored originally for oil, obtained 
water from these Tertiary sandstones. In a few wells it was under 
sufficient pressure to flow, but, like most waters from the oil-bearing 
beds, it is of rather poor quality, in that it generally carries a large 
proportion of alkaline salts in solution and is frequently charged 
also with sulphuretted hydrogen gas. 



GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. 11 

As compared with the supply in the gravel beds to be described 
shortly, these rock waters are negligible in quantity and wholly 
inferior in quality. From the practical point of view, therefore, the 
rocks in which they are found are to be considered-as dry in this part 
of southern California, although here and there a successful well has 
been drilled in them. All these "dry" rocks have an important 
indirect function to perform in the storage of the ground waters, as 
they form the bottom and sides of the subterranean reservoirs and so 
confine the waters which saturate the loose gravels that fill them. 

But in any study of conditions controlling underground-water 
supplies the important formation is the most recent one — the alluvial 
wash which fills the rock basins, absorbs the flood waters and the 
return irrigation waters, and yields these up again at lower points 
through springs of even flow or through artesian and pumped wells. 
This material is the very latest deposit in the foothill belt. It is com- 
posed exclusively of the wash from the heights which surround the 
lowlands. Of these heights the San Gabriel Mountains, because of 
their greater relief, are the most efficient and yield much the greatest 
amount of debris, in the coarsest condition. The lower hills south 
and east of the foothill belt yield comparatively insignificant amounts 
of relatively fine material; consequently the greatest accumulations 
of this alluvium are found along the bases of the higher mountains, 
where it is also the coarsest. But the alluvium itself is not a simple 
formation, which has all been deposited in one period. There are 
unmistakable evidences that it has originated at two different times, 
and that between these periods the mountain-making and valley- 
deepening forces were active, so that it is probable that the San 
Gabriel Range is higher now than when the first of this alluvium was 
laid down. This is a matter of importance to the water user, because 
the greater number of those mysterious " dikes" which are cited to 
account for the apparently erratic behavior of the underground cir- 
culation are due to the relations which exist between the earlier and 
later alluvial deposits. As a matter of convenience the alluvium 
first laid down will be spoken of as the earlier alluvium and that of 
the second period as the later alluvium. 

Along the base of the San Gabriel Mountains, from Arroyo Seco 
eastward to the San Dimas, there, are a number of benches, capped 
by and in many places formed entirety of the earlier gravel and clay 
deposits. These deposits are usually characterized by a dull-red 
color, due to the more complete oxidation of their constituents, this 
oxidation being due in turn to the fact that the red clays are older 
and have been exposed longer to weathering than the gray gravels 
and sands of the modern stream washes. These older benches usu- 
ally slope steeply toward the south, and their lower margins are as 
a rule buried under the modern wash and are indistinguishable from 
it; but in some localities, as east of Eaton Wash,, north of Duarte, 



12 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFOKNIA. 

and on either side of upper San Dimas Wash, the limit of the older 
alluvium is marked by an abrupt escarpment. In addition to these 
exposures of the red wash along the terraces at the foot of the 
mountains, a few low knobs of this older material lie out in the 
plains, projecting distinctly above the modern gray stream wash. 
The most conspicuous and best known of these occurrences are 
Indian Hill, north of Claremont, and the Red Hills, northeast of 
North Ontario. 

The fact that this older formation occurs at so many points at a 
greater elevation than the later wash is evidence, although not proof, 
that mountain-making forces have been in operation since it was 
deposited, and that the San Gabriel Mountains are now higher than 
when it was laid down, and they hint that the correlative process — 
valley deepening — which so often accompanies mountain growth, 
has likewise been under way and has resulted in a deeper San Gabriel 
Valley than before. 

Although this greater elevation is imperfect evidence of the con- 
tinued activity of mountain-making forces, actual proof of such 
activity is found in one or two places, where the old alluvium has 
been very distinctly folded, and the attitude of its beds, originally 
horizontal, has been changed to vertical or nearly vertical. East of 
the mouth of Sawpit Canyon, in an exposure along the edge of the 
mesa, the red clays and gravels of the old alluvium are found nearly 
on edge, that is, they dip 60° or 70° S. away from the mountains; 
and at a number of points farther east lesser dips of 20° or 30° may 
be noted. These facts indicate that marked crust al movements have 
taken place since the deposition of the earliest alluvium. These are 
the movements which presumably have resulted in an increase in 
the height of the San Gabriel Range. 

Although the modern alluvium, the gray wash which underlies the 
greater part of the San Gabriel Valley and the Cucamonga Plains, is 
the important water-bearing formation, the older wash is also of 
direct importance in many localities. Producing wells of value have 
been drilled in it in the vicinity of Laverne and San Dimas and along 
the northeastern slope of the Red Hills. It also has a most impor- 
tant indirect effect, in that an older topography — hills and valleys 
and plains of the older material — ; has been buried by the later gray 
wash or has been deeply cut into by the streams which have depos- 
ited it; and now these buried or partly buried old hills and valleys 
deflect or retard or otherwise modify the underground circulation 
through the later wash, which has been deposited in the older valleys 
and around the older hills. 

These effects of the relations of the alluvium of the two periods 
are treated more in detail in the discussion of the ground-water con- 
ditions in each of the communities. But before this discussion is 



SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VALLEYS. 13 

taken up it is desired to outline, in a general account of the physical 
geography, the origin of the mountains and valleys and their rela- 
tive ages. This is a matter of scientific rather than of practical 
interest, although in the operation of the forces which have given 
southern California her marvelous diversity of abrupt and rugged 
mountains and fertile plains, the deep, alluvium-filled basins which 
are now so important as underground reservoirs have come into 
being. 

PHYSIOGRAPHY. 

GENERAL FEATURES. 

The corner of Kern, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties, CaL, lies 
just south of Tejon Pass and near the northern edge of that great 
mountain area in which the Sierra proper, the northern and the 
southern Coast ranges, and what may be regarded as the southern 
representatives of the Sierra, i. e., the San Gabriel and the San Ber- 
nardino mountain masses, merge. Southwest of this mountain nodal 
point lies the Pacific Ocean. Xortheast of it is the Mohave Desert. 
Toward the north the great San Joaquin Valley opens and separates 
the Sierra from the Coast ranges. Toward the southeast lies the valley 
of southern California, in a general way comparable in its geographic 
relations to the San Joaquin Valley, but much smaller in area and 
very much more complex in character and origin. 

This valley consists of a number of distinct basins which are sep- 
arated by physical barriers so low or so interrupted by passes that 
they present no serious obstacle to intercommunication between the 
various cultivable lowlands; but the ranges north and east of these 
connected basins separate them completely from the northern valle} T s 
and from the deserts and give a logical basis for grouping thern 
together as they are grouped in commercial, agricultural, and histori- 
cal nomenclature, under the collective term " valley of southern 
California." 

As with increasing settlement the necessity has arisen for local 
names by which the various subdivisions of the valley could be dis- 
tinguished, these have been supplied, and, jas is usually the case in 
human occupation, they are not merely commercially convenient 
designations, but have an apt geographic significance which renders 
them quite as available for the use of the scientific geographer as for 
the merchant, the tourist, or the traffic manager. 

The more important of these subdivisions of the greater valley are 
the coastal plain, between the Puente Hills and the sea; the San 
Fernando Valley, an inclosed basin forming; the extreme northwestern 
lobe of the greater lowland; the San Gabriel Valley, another basin 
inclosed on the east, west, and south by diverging arms of the Coast 
Range, and abruptly limited on the north by the southern face of 



14 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

the San Gabriel Mountains; the Cucamonga Plains, east of the San 
Gabriel Basin and passing without intervening physical barriers into 
the San Bernardino Valley, itself the northeasternmost of the local 
basins; and finally the San Jacinto Valley, an irregular area drained 
by San Jacinto River and made up of a multitude of local valleys 
and intervening irregular heights. 

ORIGIN OF PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

In the geographic and physiographic sense this valley and its sur- 
rounding heights constitute one of the most complex areas of the 
State. California mountains generally seem to be the immediate 
products of crustal movement. Many individual ranges are to be 
explained as results of local uplift. In the interior of the continent 
and along its eastern margin heights of this character are more 
uncommon. There it is usual to find that individual mountain 
groups result from differential erosion acting on broad heights like 
the Appalachian plateau. In the Pacific coast region, on the con- 
trary, mountain masses of erosional origin are unusual; the individ- 
ual uplift is the rule. 

As this type of mountain range is well marked and to be recognized 
at many places along the Pacific coast, so there is a corresponding 
type of valley very common here and in the adjacent deserts, less 
usual elsewhere, and well illustrated by the individual basins which 
together constitute the valley of southern California. This is the 
constructional basin, due, like the mountain ranges, to crustal move- 
ment instead of to erosive action. Normally the world over, valleys 
are due to running water — the greater valleys to long-continued 
erosion or to erosion of soft rocks, the minor valleys to erosive action 
of short duration or acting on resistant rocks. It is perhaps even 
less usual to find lowlands that are directly due to crustal movement 
than to find mountain ranges of this character, but in southern 
California all the important lowlands, as well as the uplands, are 
direct results of crustal deformation. Only the details of sculptur- 
ing — the form of the individual peaks and ridges, the canyons, the 
grade of the mountain - streams,- and the slopes of the mountain 
sides — are due to the subaerial erosive agents, water, ice, and wind; 
the mountain mass as a whole is an up thrust block of the earth's 
crust. Similarly, the details of the surface of the broader lowlands 
are due to erosive agents. Their action here, however, has been just 
the reverse of that in the mountain areas. There the effect of these 
agents has been to reduce the heights, to undo the work of the 
mountain-making forces. In the valleys they have deposited the 
materials which have been removed from the uplands, filled the 



ORIGIN OF PHYSICAL FEATURES. 15 

original depressions, and covered the irregularities in their surfaces; 
in a word, they are leveling agents, and if their action were not coun- 
teracted by that of the mountain-building forces, the whole surface 
would eventually be reduced to a plain. 

The details of the movements in which southern California's 
attractive alternation of valley and plain originated will perhaps 
never be known. Many more of them than are now available will, 
however, be worked out in the detailed geologic and physiographic 
investigations of the future. But it is possible even with our present 
imperfect knowledge to outline in a broad way what has happened. 

In the middle and northern Sierra, where close geologic studies 
have been completed, it has been determined that late in Tertiary 
time the area occupied by the present Sierra Nevada was one of com- 
paratively low relief, with gentle slopes and streams of moderate 
grade, and that the major part of the movement which has resulted 
in the present great range has taken place since. It is probable that 
the history of southern California corresponds in its broad outlines 
with that of the northern part of the State, and that here, until late 
in the Tertiary, the mountain ranges were much lower than they are 
now and the valleys much less deep. It is clear that the forces which 
have produced these mountains and valleys began to act before the 
close of the Tertiary period, because the latest Pliocene deposits con- 
tain gravels, widely distributed and in many places coarse. Their 
coarseness indicates that mountains existed near by at the time they 
were laid down, and their relation to the Tertiary beds whose deposi- 
tion just preceded theirs indicates that the earlier beds were dis- 
turbed between the two epochs. The present mountains and valleys 
began to form toward the end of the Tertiary, and it is likely that 
they have been in process of formation ever since. In fact, it seems 
probable that mountain-making forces are as active on this part of 
the Pacific coast at present as they have been at any time since early 
earth history. Incidents like the Owens Valley earthquake of 1872, 
the San Jacinto earthquake of 1900, the great San Francisco disaster 
of 1906, and the innumerable minor temblors which occur from time 
to time are evidences of the activity of these forces. Science no 
longer regards it as probable that mountains originate in a night, in 
one tremendous cataclysm, except in volcanic regions. Ordinarily 
their growth is a gradual process. There are movements of a few 
inches, or at most of a few feet, from time to time, and the cumulative 
results give us mountains thousands of feet high and basins thousands 
of feet deep, where originally were only broad plains. 



16 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

FAULT LINES. 

Movements such as those just discussed, by which the highlands and 
lowlands are differentiated, are concentrated along lines of weakness 
where the crust yielded to the earliest strains. When such lines of 
weakness are once established, they tend to perpetuate themselves 
as the crust adjusts itself to later strains by yielding along the same 
lines. These lines of yielding are either faults — actual fractures of 
the crust — or flexures. 

About the borders of the valley of southern California are a number 
of clearly defined fault lines of this character, movement along which 
has evidently played a commanding part in the development of the 
present physical features. The dominant fault of the entire region 
is the great fracture which extends northwest and southeast along 
the south base of the San Bernardino Mountains and the north 
base of the San Gabriel Mountains, and is a continuation of the fault 
readjustment along which proved so destructive to the country about 
San Francisco Bay on April 18, 1906. Another disturbance which 
for at least a part of its length is a fault line is of importance to the 
oil men of California, because many of the producing wells of this 
part of the State are found along it. It limits the Santa Ana Moun- 
tains on the northeast as far as the lower canyon of Santa Ana River, 
where it crosses the range and extends along the Puente Hills, near 
their southern edge, to the vicinity of Whittier, and perhaps farther. 
A third fracture of this character lies north of San Jacinto and skirts 
the south base of the badlands which separate the Alessandro Valley 
from San Timoteo Canyon. Another, somewhat less regular than 
those described and believed to be older in the sense that no move- 
ments have taken place along it as recently as along some at least of 
the others, bounds the San Gabriel Mountain mass on the south and 
separates it from the cultivated lowlands of the foothill belt. 

It is to be understood clearly that crustal movements along these 
axial lines — those in an upward direction producing mountain masses, 
those in a downward direction resulting in basins and valleys — were 
probably in all cases accompanied by twisting and distortion of the 
surfaces thus uplifted or depressed, so that after the movement had 
been accomplished these surfaces were no longer approximately plane, 
as the} r probably were when the movements began. Hence the 
mountain tops, even before the erosion inaugurated by the uplift hail 
destroyed the original surfaces, were probably not level, although 
they must have included many nearly level areas, and the basin 
bottoms were likewise depressed much more at one place than another, 
and so were very irregular. 



PHYSIOGRAPHY. 1 7 

RELATIVE AGES OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES. 

All the mountains and valleys of southern California have come 
into being very recently, in a geologic sense, but not all are of the 
same age. In a great many cases evidence either does not exist or has 
not been brought out to determine which of two features is the older; 
but in the case of the two mountain groups, the San Gabriel and the 
San Bernardino, the dominating mountain masses of this region, 
evidence apparently does exist for deciding this highly interesting 
question. This evidence is largely physiographic — that is, it lies in 
the character of the land forms and so is of a very delicate nature. 

If from some commanding point like the summit of Santiago Peak, 
in the Santa Ana Mountains, the two neighboring ranges, the San 
Gabriel and the San Bernardino groups, are carefully examined, 
striking differences in their physical aspect at once become apparent. 
One seeks in vain for horizontal lines along the San Gabriel tops; a 
confusion of peaks and ridges of discordant and seemingly unrelated 
heights makes up the mountain mass. The San Bernardino range is 
in striking contrast with this. Its west end especially displays a long 
even sky line at elevations between 5,000 and 6,000 feet above the sea. 
On the east the broad masses of San Gorgonio Peak rise much higher. 

If one enters these ranges to explore them in detail, corresponding 
differences are found. The San Gabriel Mountains present a labyrinth 
of canyons and ridges and peaks, with no level areas of any size. The 
ridges have narrow summits ; the peaks are sharp ; the streams are all 
evenly graded from source to mouth. In the San Bernardino Moun- 
tains, on the contrary, there are many wide upland valleys, forested 
and grassy glades, and lakes or playas like Bear Lake and Baldwin 
Lake. Where these upland levels are attained it is difficult to realize 
that one is actually in the high mountains. The surrounding topo- 
graphic forms are rounded and gentle, the level areas are extensive, 
the streams meander placidly through broad meadows, and the topo- 
graphic type is that of a rolling country of moderate elevation. But 
as the edge of these interior uplands is approached the streams 
plunge into precipitous canyons, the slopes are as steep as earth and 
rock can stand, the roads and trails twist and turn and double to find 
a devious and precarious way to the valleys below. 

These topographic differences — the presence of broad uplands in 
one range and their complete absence in the other — have a definite 
meaning in the history of the mountain masses. The smooth forms 
are conceived to have been produced by long-continued erosion at rela- 
tively low levels in accordance with well-established principles, and 
their preservation since the mountain mass has been elevated is due 
to the short time that has elapsed since that event. With the 
further passage of time, the canyons that are now so pronounced a 
47505— ire 219—08 2 



18 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

feature of the border of the San Bernardino mass will have extended 
to its very heart, and the smooth uplands that now occupy the center 
of the range will have disappeared. The San Bernardino Mountains 
will then be as the San Gabriel Mountains are now, a thoroughly 
dissected range. The important fact that they are not at present in 
this condition is regarded as satisfactory evidence that they are 
much younger — that is, fhat a much shorter time has elapsed since 
the elevation of the San Bernardino block into a mountain range 
than since the similar elevation of the San Gabriel block. 

SUMMARY. 

The topography of southern California in its broad features, and 
of the foothill belt in particular, is due to the latest crustal move- 
ments. These movements may have produced folding in rock 
masses, but their distinctive effect has been to originate the present 
relief of the country, to raise the mountains here and to depress the 
valleys there, the uplands and the lowlands being separated by 
zones of sharp flexure or of faulting. 

Finally, the details of the present topography have been carved 
by erosion since the differential movement began. Crustal readjust- 
ments in response to internal strain, then, have produced the moun- 
tain masses and deep valleys, while contemporary and later erosion 
has produced the canyons and the details of mountain slopes, and 
has leveled the original basins into broad plains by spreading over 
them the material removed in sculpturing the mountain areas. 

The different mountain masses, although all are comparatively 
recent, have not been uplifted at the same time. The San Gabriel 
Range is in this sense much older than the San Bernardino Range, 
which has come into existence as a mountain mass at a distinctly 
later date than its neighbor. 

RAINFALL. 

DISTRIBUTION AND AMOUNT. 

The annual distribution of rainfall within the foothill belt is like 
that throughout the Pacific slope of southern California, since the 
entire region is one meteorological province with characteristics 
common to all parts. The chief of these characteristics is the division 
of the year into wet and dry seasons, the former including the months 
from November to April, and the latter the remainder of the year. 
The driest months are June, July, August, and September, during 
which practically no rain falls, and the wettest are December, Janu- 
ary, February, and March, while April and May in the spring and 
October and November in the autumn serve to bridge the interval 
between the more pronounced seasons, a variable but generally 
slight rainfall being recorded for these months. 



RAINFALL. 



19 



The geographic distribution of the rainfall within the province is 
quite as definite as its distribution in time. During the winter 
season, when the winds from the Pacific pass from the relatively 
warm ocean over the cooler land, they acquire its temperature, lose 
capacity to retain moisture, and drop a part of their burden as rain- 
fall. Other things being equal, the greater the reduction in tempera- 
ture they suffer the greater the rainfall; hence the mountain areas 
surrounding the southern California lowlands, being higher and 
cooler, receive heavier rains, and the communities nearer the moun- 
tains receive more than those at a greater distance from them. Thus 
the average at Anaheim is about 12 inches, and at Riverside about 11, 
while at Los Angeles and San Bernardino, nearer the mountains, the 
precipitation is between 15 and 16 inches. 

This increase from the outlying plains toward the base of the 
mountains is known to be maintained as the higher parts of the 
mountains are approached, but exact data to illustrate this gen- 
erally known fact are not available for the foothill belt, no stations 
being regularly maintained in the adjacent mountains. 

The general character of the rainfall for the valley is illustrated 
by the following precipitation tables : 

Rainfall, in inches, at Los Angeles, Cal. 



Year. 



1877-78.. 
1878-79.. 
1879-80.. 
1880-81.. 
1881-82.. 
1882-83.. 
1883-84.. 
1884-85.. 
1885-8(5 . . 
1886-87.. 
1887-88. . 
1888-89.. 
1889-90.. 
1890-91 . . 
1891-92.. 
1892-93.. 
1893-94.. 
1894-95.. 
1895-90.. 
1896-97.. 
1897-98.. 
1898-99.. 
1899-1900 
1900-1901 
1901-2... 
1902-3... 
1903-4. . . 
1904-5... 
1905-6... 



July. 


Aug. 


0.00 


0.00 


.00 


Tr. 


.00 


.00 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.00 


Tr. 


.00 


.00 


Tr. 


.00 


Tr. 


Tr. 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.24 


.21 


.07 


.00 


.03 


.08 


.00 


.61 


.00 


.03 


Tr. 


.00 


.00 


.01 


.00 


.00 


Tr. 


.01 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.02 


.01 


Tr. 


.00 


.07 


Tr. 


.00 


.01 


Tr. 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.09 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.00 


Tr. 


Tr. 


.17 


:00 


.00 



0.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.00 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.00 
.15 
Tr. 
.00 
.06 
.06 
.00 
Tr. 
.73 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.00 
.02 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.03 
Tr. 
.43 
.28 
Tr. 



Oct. Nov. 



0.86 
.14 
.93 
.14 
.82 
.05 

1.42 
.30 
.26 
.01 
.12 
.36 

6.95 
.03 
.00 
.33 
.75 
.02 
.24 

1.30 

2.47 
.09 

1.59 
.26 

1.88 
.40 
Tr. 
.69 
.08 



0.45 
Tr. 

3.44 
.67 
.27 

1.82 
.00 

1.06 

5.52 

1.18 
.78 

4.01 

1.35 
.13 
.00 

4.40 
.20 
.00 
.80 

1.66 
.01 
Tr. 
.90 

6.53 
.46 

2.08 
.00 
.00 

2.98 



Dec. 



3.93 

4.70 

6.53 

8.40 

.52 

.08 

2.56 

4.64 

1.63 

.18 

2.67 

6.26 

15.80 

2.32 

1.99 

4.18 

3.65 

4.62 

.78 

2.12 

.05 

.12 

.90 

Tr. 

Tr. 

2.50 

Tr. 

2.45 

.20 



Jan. 


Feb. 


3.33 


7.68 


3.59 


.97 


1.33 


1.56 


1.43 


.36 


1.01 


2.66 


1.62 


3.47 


3.15 


13.37 


1.05 


Tr. 


7.72 


1.38 1 


.20 


9.25 | 


6.03 


.77 


.25 


.92 


7.83 


1.36 


.25 


8.56 


.88 


3.19 


6.29 


2.27 


.94 


. .49 


5.84 


.46 


3.23 


Tr. 


3.70 


5.62 


1.26 


.51 


2.64 


.04 


1.17 


Tr. 


2.49 


4.38 


1.62 


3.35 


2.10 


1.52 


.14 


2.68 


2.57 


6.06 


3.85 


2.47 



Mar. 



2.57 
.49 



12.36 

.01 

2.50 

.24 

3.15 

6.48 

.66 

.41 

3.39 

8.52 

.37 

3.77 

2.97 

2.31 

.98 

1.81 

.99 

.45 

2.98 

6.93 

4.50 

6.00 

7.35 



Apr. 


May. 


1.71 


0.66 


1.19 


.24 


5.06 


.04 


.46 


.01 


1.83 


.63 


.15 


2.02 


3.54 


.34 


2.00 


.06 


3.29 


.00 


2.30 


.20 


.11 


.02 


.27 


.62 


.22 


.03 


.26 


.31 


.22 


2.06 


.19 


.06 


.13 


.20 


.46 


.19 


.19 


.30 


.02 


.10 


.03 


1.75 


.18 


.04 


.54 


1.81 


.68 


1.50 


.16 


.03 


3.77 


Tr. 


.97 


Tr. 


.35 


.95 


.69 


1.02 



June. 



0.07 
.03 
.00 
.00 
Tr. 
.03 

1.39 
Tr. 
.01 
.04 
Tr. 
.00 
.02 
.00 
.06 
.03 
Tr. 
.01 
Tr. 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.58 
Tr. 
Tr. 
Tr. 
.02 
Tr. 
.00 
.01 



Total. 



21.26 
11.35 
20.34 
13.13 
10.40 
12.11 
38.13 

9.12 
22.31 
14.05 
13.87 
19.28 
34.83 
12.36 
11. 85 
26.28 

6.73 
16.11 

8.51 
16. 86 

7.06 

5.59 

7.91 
16.29 
10.60 
19.32 

8.72 
19.52 
18.65 



Average, twenty-nine seasons, 15.60 inches. 



20 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Rainfall, in inches, at Pasadena, Cat. 



Year. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


Total. 


1883-84 


0.00 
.00 
.00 
.05 
.17 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.70 
.00 
.00 
.05 
.05 
.01 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 


0.00 
.20 
.14 
.26 
.00 
.00 
.62 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.09 
.09 
.00 
.15 
.15 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.53 
.00 


0.00 
.00 
.00 
.04 
.33 
.00 
.00 
.26 
.09 
.00 
.00 
.85 
.00 
.00 
.23 
.27 
.00 
.05 
.00 
.00 
.34 
.34 
.05 


1.30 
.25 
.00 
.10 
.12 
.45 

9.31 
.07 
.00 
.62 
.80 
.04 
.32 

2.04 

2.40 
.49 

2.02 
.34 

2.76 
.53 
.00 
.96 
.17 


0.00 

.89 

7.49 

1.15 

1.12 

5.68 

1.45 

.35 

.05 

3.72 

.20 

.00 

1.30 

1.88 

.10 

.52 

1.43 

9.80 

.73 

3.24 

.00 

.00 

2.55 


2.73 
3.95 
2.05 

.17 
4.98 
6.71 
17.17 
3.52 
2.25 
4.30 
4.77 
7.24 

.91 
2.33 

.26 

.64 
1.62 

.00 

.00 
3.07 

.00 
1.90 

.17 


6.10 
1.22 
7.40 

.]9 
7.40 

.09 
7.92 

.14 
1.54 
7. 65 
1.51 
8.10 
2.96 
5.94 
1.50 
3.18 
1.11 
3.78 
1.63 
4.03 

.21 
2.63 
4.44 


13.21 

.00 

2.32 

10.66 

1.57 

1.08 

2.66 

10.75 

3.40 

2.07 

.82 

1.44 

.00 

5.34 

.69 

.00 

.00 

6.80 

3.01 

.90 

3.89 

10.44 

2.54 


12.99 

.05 

2.45 

.27 

5.62 

8.83 

.90 

.68 

4.23 

9.84 

.96 

4.53 

3.73 

3.57 

1.14 

2.08 

1.55 

.17 

3.29 

9.70 

4.81 

8. 65 

10.83 


5.93 

3.00 

4.11 

2.33 

.46 

.41 

.60 

1.84 

.25 

.47 

.13 

.53 

.50 

.00 

.39 

.12 

.82 

1.16 

.38 

3.09 

.93 

.18 

2.64 


0.77 

.33 

.15 

.28 

.00 

.95 

.20 

.73 

3.94 

.00 

.61 

.25 

.17 

.23 

1.98 

1.88 

2.42 

1.62 

.09 

.00 

.01 

1.44 

1.67 


1.90 
.11 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.06 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.03 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 


44.93 


1884-85 


10.00 


1885-86 


26.11 


1886-87 


15.50 


1887-88 


21.77 


1888-S9 


24.20 


1889-90 


40.89 


1890-91 


18.34 


1891-92 


15.75 


1892-93 


28.67 


1893-94 


10.59 


1894-95 


23.07 


1895-96 


9.89 


1896-97 


21.53 


1897-98 


8.92 


1898-99 


9.19 


1899-1000 

1900-1901 

1901-2 


10.97 
24.22 
11.89 


1902-3 


24.56 


1903-4 


10.19 


1904-5 


27.07 


1905-6 


25.06 







Average, twenty-three seasons, 20.14 inches. 

Rainfall, in inches, at Pomona, Cal. 



Year. 



1886-87 . 
1887-88. 



1889-90 

1890-91 

1891-92 

1892-93 

1893-94 

1894-95 

1895-96 

1896-97 

1897-98 

1898-99 

1899-1900.. 
1900-1901 . . 

1901-2 

1902-3 

1903-4 | .00 

1904-5 

1905-6 00 



July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


0.00 


0.00 


0.00 


0.00 


1.05 


1.25 


0.20 


.8.28 


0.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.37 


1.25 


3.56 


8.33 


1.70 


6.63 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.00 


4.70 


6.04 


.17 


1.48 


9.32 


.00 


.00 


.00 


3.85 


1.82 


12.59 


7.10 


2.56 


.52 


.00 


.14 


1.11 


.05 


.45 


3.35 


.13 


12.78 


1.16 


.00 


.12 


.11 


.00 


.00 


2.69 


1.02 


3.41 


2.84 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.02 


3.45 


2.92 


7.06 


3.87 


10.85 


.07 


.00 


.17 


1.84 


1.44 


4.59 


1.81 


1.13 


.95 


.00 


.00 


.63 


.02 


.00 


8.66 


9.12 


2.43 


4.44 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.05 


1.36 


.91 


2.90 


.00 


4.69 


.05 


.24 


.00 


2.44 


1.49 


1.69 


5.20 


6.92 


4.41 


.00 


.00 


.25 


2.84 


.53 


1.04 


2.16 


.74 


1.46 


.00 


.00 


.06 


.07 


.06 


.44 


2.83 


.31 


2.97 


.00 


.00 


.30 


1.90 


1.94 


1.04 


1.74 


.13 


1.35 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.44 


10.12 


.00 


4.22 


4.81 


.51 


.00 


.00 


.17 


1.95 


.72 


.03 


2.41 


3.21 


4.21 


.00 


.00 


.00 


.47 


1.62 


2.91 


1.57 


1.77 


7.23 


.00 


.02 


.38 


.01 


.00 


.01 


.33 


2.68 


5.57 


.00 


.23 


.00 


1.19 


.00 


1.42 


3.36 


8.05 


8.50 


.00 


.00 


.02 


.12 


2.71 


.64 


4.81 


2.50 


9.65 



Apr. 


May. 


2.27 


0.28 


.00 


.00 


.87 


.77 


.31 


.00 


1.67 


1.02 


.23 


3.86 


.64 


.22 


.26 


.44 


1.00 


.38 


.21 


.03 


.00 


.43 


.13 


2.03 


.07 


.07 


.80 


2.60 


.41 


1.47 


.46 


.19 


4.19 


.15 


1.24 


.07 


1.35 


2.34 


1.58 


1.31 



June. Total. 



0.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.42 
.05 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.89 
.00 
.01 
.10 
.01 
.00 
.01 
.41 



13.33 

21.84 
23.35 
28.75 
21.86 
14.70 
29.08 
12.70 
26.68 
10.15 
22.87 
11.18 
7.77 
11.80 
21.99 
13.45 
19.92 
10.31 
26. 45 
23.75 



Average, twenty seasons, 18.60 inches. 



RAINFALL. 

Rainfall, in inches, at San Bernardino, Cal. 



21 



"¥ear. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 

0.34 i 

.79 

.84 

.48 

.07 

.44 

.26 

1.71 

1.20 

5.00 

.46 

2.91 

2.95 

5.68 

1.89 

2.36 

1.90 

.58 

2.05 

.00 

.53 

.37 

.48 

.40 

.64 

.37 

.08 

.48 

.07 

1.96 

.56 

.57 

3.10 

.80 

1.18 

1.16 


May. 


June. 

0.07 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.03 
.00 
.07 
.03 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.59 
.19 
.16 
.22 
.03 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.08 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.95 
.00 
.05 
.15 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.22 


Total. 


1870-71 


0.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.07 
.11 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.19 
.00 
.00 
.00 

.11 

.00 
.17 
.13 
.00 
.00 
.20 
.00 
.00 

Tr. 

Tr. 
.00 
.00 
.34 
.00 
.01 
.00 
.00 
.00 


0.00 
.04 
.18 

1.06 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.02 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.04 
.00 
.63 

2.16 
.91 
.00 
.00 
.16 
.00 
.17 
.00 
.00 

Tr. 
.00 
.27 
.00 
.15 
.14 
.00 


0.02 
.13 
.04 
.02 
.06 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.02 
.01 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.53 
.00 
.00 
.00 
.09 
.00 
11 
.88 
.93 
.00 
.05 
.37 
.00 
.00 
.13 
.00 
.01 
.23 
.07 
.00 
.46 
.06 
.13 


0.09 
.60 
.00 
.01 

1.82 
.00 
.20 
.86 
.14 
.94 
.14 
.80 
.10 
.85 
.00 
.39 
.00 

1.17 
.05 

2.30 
.58 

Tr. 
.16 

1.05 
.15 
.00 

2.10 

2.10 
.03 
.81 
.36 

1.09 
.09 
.07 
.32 
.00 


3.11 

.88 

1.17 

.74 

1.88 

7.50 

.40 

.50 

.05 

3.40 

.67 

.27 

.15 

.09 

.11 

4.36 

.11 

2.29 

4.12 

2.23 

1.27 

Tr. 

1.02 

.30 

.00 

1.14 

.98 

.21 

.05 

1.47 

6.10 

.28 

1.94 

.00 

.00 

2.81 


0.89 

3.91 

4.40 

5.73 

2. 20 

.02 

.00 

3.95 

4.70 

6.50 

8.80 

.50 

.45 

2.63 

3.75 

1.20 

.61 

1.91 

4.64 

10.85 

3.02 

1.67 

2.23 

2.28 

7.25 

.66 

1.09 

.57 

.44 

.84 

.00 

.04 

1.94 

.00 

1.03 

.74 


6.91 

.00 
6.50 
5.51 
7.20 
6.55 
3.50 
3.33 
3.59 
1. 56 
1.40 
1.11 
1.60 
1.63 
2.79 
6.34 

.39 
4.01 

.93 
5.44 

.00 
3.24 
4.53 
1.26 
7.39 
2.02 
3.40 
2.10 
2.03 

.92 
3.48 
1.65 
1.96 

.18 
3.92 
2.97 


2.21 
2.20 
1. 25 
8. 76 

.15 
1.92 
4.03 
6.68 
1.00 
1.33 

.36 

2.65 

1.10 

12.20 

.11 
2.52 
6.44 
3. 60 
1.50 
2.52 
7.78 
3.30 
3.37 

.88 
1.14 

.00 
5.40 

.60 

.51 

.00 
4.58 
3.02 
1.67 
2.21 
6.58 
2.89 


0.19 

.37 

.51 

1.08 

.22 

3.41 

.83 

2.57 

.50 

1.45 

1.66 

3.30 

2.82 

9.95 

.28 

4.18 

4.41 

3.41 

6.55 

.89 

.06 

1.75 

8.00 

1.15 

3.44 

2.92 

3.41 

.97 

3.22 

.92 

.43 

3.89 

6.47 

5.34 

6.00 

8.00 


0.11 
.06 
.21 
.42 
.05 
.03 
.30 
.66 
.24 
.04 
.01 
.00 
.00 

3.17 

1.69 
.32 
.42 
.52 

1.13 
.31 

1.67 

2.10 
.03 
.56 
.44 

1.00 
.11 

1.08 
.19 

1.71 

1.23 
.12 
.24 
.16 

1.55 
.96 


13.94 


1871-72 


8.98 


1872-73 

1873-74 


15.10 
23.81 


1874-75 


13. 65 


1875-76 

1876-77 


19.90 
9.52 


1877-78 


20.33 


1878-79 

1879-80 


11.54 
20.36 


1880-81 


13.50 


1881-82 

1882-83 

1883-84 


11.54 

9.17 

37.51 


1884-85 

1885-86 


10.81 
21.83 


1886-87 

1887-88 

1888-89 

1889-90 


14. 50 
17. 76 
20.97 
25.45 


1890-91 


18.08 


1891-92 

1892-93 

1893-94 


14.35 

19.82 

8.13 


1894-95 

1895-96 


20.98 
8.11 


1896-97 

1897-98 


16. 74 
8.24 


1898-99 


7.49 


1899-1900 

1900-1901 


8.64 
17.36 


1901-2 

1902-3 


11.15 
17.42 


1903-4 

1904-5 

1905-6 


9.37 
20.78 
19.88 



Average, thirty-six seasons, 15.74 inches. 

The San Bernardino and Los Angeles records are the longest in 
this part of the State, and therefore give the most reliable general 
averages; but since Los Angeles is near the southern edge of the foot- 
hill area, and San Bernardino about an equal distance from the moun- 
tains, these records probably express about the lowest rainfall within 
the district under consideration. The record at Pasadena, kept by 
Mr. Nelmes, covers a period of twenty-three seasons, during which 
the average precipitation was 20.14 inches. This average is probably 
somewhat higher than the final average will prove to be when that 
shall have been determined by longer records. This conclusion is 
reached from an inspection of the records at Los Angeles and San 
Bernardino, where the average for the last twenty-three seasons is 
in each case slightly greater than the average for the full period of 
observations. Similar reasoning indicates that the twenty-year aver- 
age of 18.60 inches, now available for Pomona, is slightly below the 
final average which will be found for this point. Both Pasadena and 
Pomona, however, have heavier rainfall than Los Angeles and San 
Bernardino, since they lie nearer the base of the mountains ; and were 
records available from points on the slopes and at or near the sum- 
mits they would show still heavier rainfall, in accordance with the 
well-established fact of a progressive increase of precipitation from 
the mountain bases to a point near their summits. 



22 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

DEPENDENCE OF WATER SUPPLIES ON RAINFALL. 

The significance of the annual rainfall to the irrigating communi- 
ties lies in the direct and immediate dependence on it of the surface 
run-off from each of the mountain drainage basins and in the less 
immediate but not less important or final dependence of the under- 
ground reservoirs on it for recharge. 

The marked contrast between the summer and winter run-off from 
the mountain canyons, with its unfavorable effect on irrigation pos- 
sibilities and on the recharge of subterranean reservoirs, is of course 
due primarily to the division of the year into two seasons, a wet and 
a dry, with strongly contrasted precipitation; but other factors also 
exert a pronounced influence, and it so happens that nearly all of 
them in southern California are unfavorable to uniformity of flow. 
Among these factors are the length and character of drainage lines, 
the steepness of slopes and of stream channels, the character of the 
rocks in a drainage basin, and the condition of the forest and brush 
cover over the slopes. 

Where drainage lines are short and direct and channels are straight 
instead of tortuous, a minimum of time is required for the passage of 
a given flood wave from the headwaters of the stream to its mouth, 
and so there is but a limited opportunity for the absorption of water 
by porous rocks and debris to be released later as summer flow. 

A closely related factor is that of steep slopes and stream channels. 
The process of absorption of water by soil and rocks is a slow one and 
is controlled by the rate of percolation through the soil, away from 
the saturated surface, and by the length of the period of saturation. 
From steep slopes and stream channels of high gradient the water 
escapes quickly, so there is but little opportunity for its absorption. 
The streams of the San Gabriel Mountains that drain into the foothill 
belt have relatively short and direct courses, and the slopes in this 
mountain range and the grades of the streams are especially steep. 
These conditions result in extremely rapid run-off in heavy floods of 
very short duration. 

The influence exerted by the type of rock in a drainage basin is 
also most marked in its effect on the character of the run-off. Loose 
sandstones absorb water like sponges, to yield it slowly at some lower 
point, perhaps in a distant drainage basin. Cavernous limestones 
may offer tortuous underground passages through which water 
escapes slowly. But dense granitic and metamorphic rocks have 
little absorptive or storage capacity unless they are extensively shat- 
tered, and such water as falls upon them is usually shed promptly. 
By far the greater part of the San Gabriel Range is made up of rocks 
of these nonabsorptive types. 

Finally, the various cover growths are of great importance in 
modifying run-off. Trees and brush act in many ways to this end. 



RELATIONS OF WATER SUPPLIES TO RAINFALL. 23 

They hold loose fragments of rock by their binding root systems, bo 
that they are not carried down to the stream channels so soon. The 
crevices about the rock fragments which are thus held become little 
storage reservoirs. The trees also aid in making these crevices by the 
prying action of their roots and by the disintegrating action of the 
Vegetable acids which are yielded by their decay. The various growths 
build up a porous absorptive soil by the litter which they shed and 
the rock sand which becomes enmeshed in their roots, and the}' protect 
the soil which thus accumulates and prevent it from being swept 
away. Finally, they interfere directly with run-off by the obstacles 
which their roots, stems, and fallen leaves and branches offer to the 
flow of water over the surface. In all of these functions the imme- 
diate escape of rains as sudden floods is checked, and their absorption 
to be slowly released later is encouraged. The effect of forest and 
brush cover, then, is to decrease the violence of winter floods and to 
maintain the stream flow during the crucial summer irrigating season. 
Forest cover throughout the San Gabriel Mountains is in bad condi- 
tion through the recurrence of destructive fires during past centuries. 
Systematic efforts are now being made by the United States Forest 
Service and by the State forester to improve these conditions by 
preserving from further destruction such covered areas as remain 
and by extending timber growth through tree planting. These 
efforts are for the benefit of the southern California communities 
which depend on the water supply from the mountains, and are 
deserving of their heartiest support and most earnest cooperation. 

The statement has frequently been made that the underground 
waters are just as dependent as the surface run-off on precipitation 
within the local contributing drainage basins, but the tenacity of the 
oft-asserted belief that these subterranean reservoirs have some other 
source than local rainfall makes it desirable to repeat this statement 
with emphasis. Each of the important subterranean basins in 
southern California is supplied exclusively by the water which falls 
upon its surface or flows into it through some tributary stream. 
Any other hypothesis, as, for example, that waters from the distant 
Sierra or Colorado River or Pacific Ocean may, by underground 
channels or by seepage, reach the San Gabriel Valley or the Pomona 
neighborhood, is erroneous, and conclusions based on it are wrong 
and lead to a false policy in the utilization of the ground waters. 

The permanence of the underground reservoirs, as sources of water 
supply is dependent on all the conditions which have been outlined 
as affecting surface run-off, because, as just stated, it is the surface 
run-off from the mountain areas which must be relied on to recharge 
these reservoirs; and, in addition, whatever makes this surface run- 
off erratic — extremely high in winter and extremely low in summer — 
not only makes it less effective in the recharge of the underground 



24 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFOKNIA. 

basins, but increases the summer drafts on them. A discouragingly 
large proportion of the greater floods escapes entirely to the sea. 
These floods can not be used by the surface systems, and they pass 
over the gravels of the valleys too rapidly and in too great volume to be 
fully absorbed, and so are largely wasted. It is obvious that what- 
ever will reduce the violence of floods will lessen the total loss of 
waters by surface flow to the sea and will make more effective the 
restoration of ground-water levels. 

These levels suffer in still another way at the present stage of 
development of the country, by the concentration of the run-off in 
the winter months and its reduction to a low point during the 
irrigating season. Since the discovery in the nineties that large 
bodies of ground water were available for irrigation, there has been a 
constant tendency to extend acreage beyond the amount which can 
be covered by the summer surface run-off and to make up the defi- 
ciency during that period by pumping. When the summer flow is 
especially low and continues low for a long period, the pumping 
season is greatly extended and the drafts on the underground basins 
are proportionately increased. 

To sum up: The available quantity of ground waters is adversely 
affected by whatever tends to make surface flow more erratic. This 
effect is brought about in two ways — first, by the large proportion of 
waters which escape wholly when winter floods are violent; and 
second, by the greater drafts on underground sources made necessary 
when summer run-off is low. 

STORAGE FACILITIES. 

The canyons in the San Gabriel mountain range are too narrow 
and too steep for storage sites, except of very inferior capacity and 
excessively high unit cost, and the run-off is so erratic that to be 
effective reservoirs must be of exceptional capacity. The recorded 
flows of San Gabriel River vary between a minimum of 3 second-feet 
and a maximum of 11,130 second-feet; and the total estimated 
annual discharge since systematic records have been kept varies 
from a minimum of 10,489 acre-feet to a maximum of 164,700 acre- 
feet. These minima are probably nearly absolute, since they were 
obtained during the seasons of lowest rainfall known in southern 
California; but greater maxima than those given were undoubtedly 
reached during the season of 1883-84, when the precipitation was 
nearly twice that of any winter since the stream flow lias been 
accurately measured. 

With such widely varying annual run-off, reservoirs capable of 
storing enough water to supply the tributary lands during two seasons, 
at least, would be required for safety. Such reservoir sites do not 
exist in the San Gabriel Mountains. 



PREVENTION OF WATER WASTE. 25 

MEASURES FOR CONSERVATION OF WATERS. 

In the lack of surface reservoirs, such minor helpful measures as 
are possible must be taken to prevent the present distressing waste 
of flood waters. Restoration of forest and brush cover is one of the 
most effective of these, although it accomplishes results but slowly. 
Gradually through reforestation summer flow should be increased 
and the volume and suddenness of winter floods somewhat lessened. 
Another measure which is practiced in a small way is the spreading 
of flood waters over the sand and gravel areas about the canyon 
mouths, so that they may be more fully absorbed and thus may 
increase the ground-water supply. 

With certain important modifications, the simple principle that 
the quantity of water absorbed varies with the area of the flooded 
surface and with the time that it is covered is the basis of this work. 
If the character of a given flood channel can be so altered that the 
water in its escape covers twice the normal area, the amount absorbed 
w T ill be increased twofold ; and if the flow can be checked so that twice 
the normal time is required for the passage of the water between two 
points, absorption is again increased twofold. These are general 
terms, of course, and would be strictly true only if the flood waters 
were clear and if drainage from the flood channel were so free that 
the water could always escape as fast as it is absorbed. Neither of 
these conditions holds. Early flood waters are filled with fine 
suspended matter which is deposited as the water seeps into the river 
bed, and which soon forms a coating of but slightly permeable slime 
that tends to prevent absorption. Toward the end of a flood stage, 
when the water is clear, this slime is washed away and absorption 
becomes more effective. 

In those parts of the flood-water channel which lie at some distance 
from the base of the mountains, where the ground-water plane is near 
the surface, rapid absorption in the stream channel quickly raises the 
ground-water plane locally, so that the stream is then flowing, as it 
were, upon a saturation ridge, and further absorption can take place 
only as rapidly as the waters can percolate away from this ridge. 
The practical result of this principle is that the first part of a flood is 
more effectively absorbed than the latter part, and the first floods 
at the beginning of a rainy season are more effectively absorbed than 
those which come later in the winter. 

These are important practical modifications of the rule that absorp- 
tion varies with absorptive area and time. In the application of this 
rule, flood waters are distributed over as large areas as possible near 
the heads of the alluvial fans, and the rate of their flow- is checked as 
much as possible. The most effective work of this character that 
has been done thus far in southern California is that by the Riverside 
companies in Santa Ana Wash above San Bernardino. Here for 



26 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

some years minor floods have been checked by temporary dams, and 
the water has been distributed in a small way over the sands of the 
river wash, with what the engineers in charge regard* as excellent 
results. Similar work on a less extensive scale has been done by the 
Ontario companies on the Cucamonga fan and in the lower canyon 
of San Antonio Creek. The great difficulty in work of this kind is 
to unite the interests to be benefited, so that they will support a work 
whose results are not easy to demonstrate. But as water becomes 
more valuable in southern California, and as the, direct dependence 
of the underground reservoirs on recharge during the rainy season 
becomes more clearly understood, it will be less difficult to unite 
these interests in a concerted movement to aid in the necessary 
engineering work. 

ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY OF SANDS. 

The absorptive capacity of the sands and gravels of varying coarse- 
ness in the different portions of an alluvial fan is a subject of debate, 
and the general opinion among engineers seems to be that absorption 
takes place most effectively and readily in the sands which occur 
in the lower part of the stream channel. When the size of the soil 
particles remains uniform, the transmission capacity of a mass in- 
creases with the square of the diameter of the individual particles. 
The size of the pores, although not the percentage of the open space, 
increases, and the effect of friction is greatly reduced with this in- 
crease. Percolation thus approaches flow as the sand or soil particles 
become larger and larger. In nature, however, sands rarely consist 
of particles of uniform size. They are usually heterogeneous mix- 
tures, and their transmission capacity can be determined only by 
measurement. The effect of mixing particles of a larger size with 
a uniform sand is thus summarized by Slichter:" 

If to a mass of nearly uniform sand particles larger particles be added, the effect 
on the resistance to the flow of water will be one of two kinds, depending principally 
upon the ratio which the size of the particles added bears to the average size of the 
grains in the original sand. If the particles added are only slightly larger than the 
original sand grains, the effect is to increase the capacity of the sand to transmit 
water, and the more particles of this kind that are added the greater will be the increase 
in this capacity. ... If, however, large particles are added, the effect is the 
reverse. If particles seven to ten times the diameter of the original sand grains be 
added, each of the new particles tends to block the course of the water. Thus, for 
example, a large bowlder placed in a mass of fine sand will tend to block the passage 
of the water. As more and more of the large particles are added to a mass of uniform 
sand, the rate of flow of water through it will he decreased until the amount of the 
large particles equals about 30 per cent of the total mass. From this time on the 
adding of the large particles will increase the capacity of the whole to transmit water, 
until, if a very large quantity of the large particles be added,, so that the original 
mass of fine particles becomes relatively negligible, the capacity to transmit will 

a Slichter, C S., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, pp. 10-11. 



ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY OF SANDS. 27 

approach that of the mass of the large particles alone. These fads have an important 
bearing upon the capacity of gravels to furnish water to wells or to transmit water 
in the underflow of a river. The presence of large particles is not necessarily to be 
interpreted as indicating a high transmission capacity of the material, for tin- 1- 
indicated only when the large particles constitute a large fractional per cent of the 
total mass, as would be the case where the large particles equal 40 or 50 per cent of 
the whole. 

In an earlier paper a Slichter gives an interesting table showing 
the- rate of percolation through transmitting media of different sizes 
under fixed conditions. From this table the following is adapted. 
A uniform size of grain, a standard porosity of 32 per cent, and a 
temperature of 50° F. are assumed in each case. 

Rate of percolation of water through different kinds of soil. 



Kind of soil. 



Silt 

Very fine sand 

Fine sand 

Medium sand . . 
Coarse sand . . . 
Fine gravel 



Velocity with 
Diameter of a gradient of 
soil grains. 100 feet per 
mile. 



Inch. 


Feet 


per year. 


. ■ 0.0012 




12 


.0028 




66 


.006 




304 


.014 




1,650 


.03 




7.577 


.12 




121,229 



When the soils are of uniform grain : therefore, the rate of perco- 
lation increases as the square of the diameter of the soil particles 
and the amount of water transmitted increases in the same ratio. 
Coarse material is therefore very much more effective than fine as 
a transmitting medium, when the sizes are not mixed. In alluvial 
fans, however, there is always mingling of coarse and fine material, 
but the average and probably the effective size of grain is usually 
much greater at the head of a fan than near its margins, and the 
transmission capacity is therefore believed to be greater near the 
head. To take advantage of this condition, distribution of flood 
waters should be effected at as high a point on an alluvial fan as is 
practicable, because absorption will be much more rapid at such a 
point. In some places it may be that the rough, bowldery condi- 
tion of the head of the fan and the steep grades which exist there 
will counteract the advantages, and as a practical measure it will 
be advisable to effect the distribution at a lower point ; or bed rock 
may lie near the surface, as in the Mill Creek fan and perhaps that of 
the Santa Ana in San Bernardino Valley, practically preventing rapid 
absorption. Where such conditions exist it is of course necessary 
to build the distributing works at lower points. So far as is known, 
however, bed rock does not lie near enough to the surface under the 
fans of the foothill belt to have an unfavorable effect. Steep grades 

a Slichter, C S., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 67, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, p. 27. 



28 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 



and rough ground for constructing distributing canals are the only 
adverse elements to be considered here. 

ABSORPTION ESTIMATES. 



The rate and the total amount of the recharge of the subterranean 
basins through the absorption of flood waters are exceptionally diffi- 
cult to determine, because accurate measurements of floods are almost 
impossible to make on account of the steep grades and the indefinite 
channels that exist across the alluvial fans. But few data are avail- 
able on the subject, and while theoretical considerations give indica- 
tions as to what is happening, they can not generally be supported by 
figures. 

In southern California one set of absorption measurements was 
made on two minor floods in the spring of 1903 by W. B. Clapp, a 
hydrographer, of the United States Geological Survey, and while Mr. 
Clapp does not regard his measurements as satisfactory, because of the 
small force and the limited time at his disposal and the inherent 
difficulties of the work, they yet give certain concrete conceptions of 
what takes place during the flood periods. 

During the twenty-four hours of April 26, 1903, San Gabriel, San 
Dimas, Dalton, Santa Anita, and Eaton canyons discharged 757 acre- 
feet of undiverted waters into the San Gabriel basin, 454 acre-feet of 
which passed the bridge at Elmonte and was lost, while the remainder, 
303 acre-feet, was absorbed by the gravels and joined the body of 
underground waters in the basin. On May 23 of that year the same 
streams discharged 225 acre-feet of undiverted waters, and all of this 
except the small amount lost through evaporation was absorbed, none 
passing the Elmonte bridge. During the two periods of measurement 
water was being returned to the San Gabriel Valley underground res- 
ervoir at the rate of 153 and 113 cubic feet per second. 

These measurements were not made during the period of highest 
water. A flood with a discharge of about 1,220 second-feet occurred 
on April 17, nine days before the first measurement, and the flow in 
the San Gabriel slowly diminished from that time until long after the 
date of the second measurement. . 

Inasmuch as no calculation has been made of the diverted water 
used in irrigation, which in the San Gabriel systems was from 20 to 70 
second-feet throughout the year, and a part of which was absorbed 
and returned to the ground waters, nor of the greater absorption dur- 
ing the heavier floods, nor of the rainfall over the San Gabriel Valley, 
which sinks directly as it falls and does not appear as run-oft', nor of 
the hundreds of minor unmeasured rills which enter the basin during 
storms, perhaps one or the other of the figures given above may be not 
far from the average annual rate of recharge. Some slight additional 



a Hoyt, John C, Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 100, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 339 et seq. 



ORIGIN OF SUBTERRANEAN RESERVOIRS. 29 

weight is given to this assumption from the fact that the San Gabriel 
flow at the time of the last measurement was 167 second-fort , which is 
not far from the annual mean of 148 second-feet for 1903. 

In the Paso de Bartolo, San Gabriel Valley ground waters rise in 
springs at the rate of 65 to 85 second-feet during the irrigating season. 
In addition, a considerable amount of water must pass into the air 
from the moist lands above the pass, by evaporation. This is ground 
water which is brought to the surface by capillarity and there evapo- 
rated, wherever the ground-water plane lies within a few feet of the 
earth surface. In addition, a certain amount of ground water escapes 
through the Paso de Bartolo as underflow without reaching the sur- 
face at all. Slichter, a using rather meager data, has estimated the 
amount of this underflow at 92 second-feet. This, added to 75 second- 
feet assumed as a mean of the spring waters, gives 167 second-feet of 
escaping ground waters, without reckoning evaporation or waters 
pumped for irrigation. These escaping waters must be about equal to 
the average annual recharge. It seems likely, then, from this consid- 
eration of the broad probabilities in the case, that a recharge of the San 
Gabriel Valley underground reservoirs takes place at a rate equal to a 
continuous flow ranging between 100 and 200 second-feet, and that, of 
course, drainage is affected at an equal average rate. 

CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF SUBTERRANEAN 

RESERVOIRS. 

The origin of the great reservoirs which are now so extensively 
drawn on in irrigation has been discussed in general terms in the 
section on physiography (pp. 13-18), but a resume is introduced here 
preliminary to a more minute treatment of water levels. These 
reservoirs are irregular rock basins, due to the warping of the earth's 
crust as a result of those stresses to which it is continually subject. 
The Pacific coast region of the United States has of late been espe- 
cially affected by such stresses, and its mountains and valleys are 
to a great extent due to them. The great interior valley of San 
Joaquin and Sacramento rivers is the most impressive example of a 
deep and extensive basin formed in this way, and the Sierra Nevada 
east of it is equally impressive as an example of a mountain range 
whose origin is to be sought in crustal movement. Earth stresses 
in the vicinity of the valley of southern California clearly have been 
most complex, resulting structures are irregular, and the final prod- 
uct has been a number of distinct rock basins irregular in trend and 
outline, each of which is an underground reservoir more or less 
extensively drawn on for irrigating waters. Among the more 
important and best known of these basins are the San Bernardino 
Valley, the San Jacinto Valley, the Cucamonga Plains, the San 

a Slicnter, C. S., Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 54. 



30 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Gabriel Valley, the coastal plain, and the San Fernando Valley. 
All of these are distinct, each has its own water supply, and the 
ground waters of each are used for irrigation, either within the basin 
or on accessible lands outside it. 

Each of these rock-floored and rock-rimmed reservoirs is filled 
with loose material, sand, gravel, or clay, which has been eroded 
from the mountains as they rose and carried by the streams to the 
basins as they sank. This filling has been distributed over the basins 
in a rather even way, so that the present surface of each of them is 
a plain, usually with a gentle slope away from the mountains, the 
source of the material. 

THE GLACIAL HYPOTHESIS. 

Inasmuch as there is a rather widely prevalent idea in southern 
California — an idea which has been frequently presented in suits 
at law — to the effect that these sands, clays, and gravels are glacial 
in origin, it is perhaps worth while to present here the facts which 
make such a hypothesis untenable. 

Students of glaciated regions have come to recognize certain phe- 
nomena as characteristic of ice-molded areas. Some or all of these 
evidences are invariably present where ice in glacial form has cov- 
ered a region. Their complete absence in southern California leads 
at once to the setting aside of this theory. 

Extensive glaciation in mountain valleys molds them into U form, 
cuts cirques at their heads, scars their walls and bottoms with striae, 
and leaves moraines along their slopes and out on the plains beyond 
the mountains where the ice streams ended. None of these evidences 
are found in the valleys of the San Gabriel Mountains. 

Ice flowing over mountain uplands or relatively smooth rock- 
floored plains shears off all rock protuberances, polishes the project- 
ing surfaces into roches moutonnees, sweeps away rock-disintegra- 
tion products, gouges out basins, which may later become lakes, 
and leaves in its retreat erratic bowlders that may have been carried 
across divides from distant sources. The San Gabriel Mountains, 
instead of exhibiting these phenomena, have many projecting rock 
pinnacles, are covered with the detritus of rock decay, are free from 
rock basins and lakes, and have only bowlders of disintegration scat- 
tered over them. 

If glaciers ride out upon the plains in front of the mountains in 
which they originate, they leave irregular heaps of unsorted rubble, 
angular bowlders, a hummocky topography, and deposits of till, a 
compact clay containing scattering glaciated rock fragments. The 
plains at the base of the San Gabriel Range are clearly unlike this. 
They are a series of typically developed alluvial fans; graded as 
stream-laid deposits always are, with waterworn but unstriated 






BED ROCK IX THE VALLEYS. 81 



bowlders, progressively finer as the distance from the mountains 
increases, and free from lakes or undrained depressions. There is 
no evidence whatever of glacial action in the material of which the} 
arc built up nor in its arrangement. Water has been the agent by 
which this material has been transported from its original position 
in the mountains to its present resting place in the basins, and in 
consequence the sands and gravels have always been saturated 
below a point where they could drain freely. This saturating water 
is in constant slow r motion from the point where it enters the gravels, 
along some stream channel or at the mouth of a mountain canyon, 
to the point where it escapes from the basin over the lowest part of 
its rim. Its movements are impeded by the friction wdiich it en- 
counters in its passage through the fine pores, so that its surface is 
not level like that of a free body of water, a lake, or a sea, but slopes 
from the point of supply to the point of drainage. When supply is 
increased the slope is steepened by raising the surface of saturation 
at the point of intake. When supply is decreased by a lessened rain- 
fall, the slope of the surface of saturation becomes flatter and the 
ground-w^ater level falls, the lowering being more marked at a dis- 
tance from the point at which the basin drains; for since this latter 
point controls the escape of water in the basin, its level remains 
practically constant. 

CHARACTER OF THE ROCK FLOOR OF THE FILLED 

AREAS. 

The surface of basins like the San Gabriel Valley or that east of 
the San Jose Hills is invariably a sloping plain, steeper near the 
mountains, more nearly level at greater distances from them, and 
varied only by minor knobs or local changes of slope. Red and 
Indian hills rise above the Cucamonga Plains; a number of bed-rock 
knobs in the neighborhood of San Dimas and Glendora project above 
the plain of waterworn material which lies between the San Jose 
Hills and the San Gabriel Mountains; San Dimas Wash, itself a late 
sand and gravel filling, lies between bluffs of older alluvium; the 
Raymond Hill "dike," which extends from Pasadena to a point 
beyond Santa Anita, is marked for much of the distance by an abrupt 
change of slope and in places by distinct knobs; and here and there 
at other points near the edges of the plain bed-rock knobs of shale 
or of gneiss rise above the general valley level. These projections 
are sufficient only to indicate the irregularity of the valley bottom; 
they do not enable us to restore the details of the irregularities. 
Well records generally do not indicate that bed rock has been reached 
in the borings, the wells usually being too shallow to accomplish this 
result. The deepest within the San Gabriel Valley — one drilled by 



32 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 



°.bOoO<3»b 

o°of£.:.esro.«v 
: o:oQp&:0'-°0'- 



wpMTm 



•Co Q O OX5.QS3 









- <7 ^^-°^Q 



c> b q ;b:o'o- 

' .'o".o'.d"o:o ,: 

cj..^».oo .boo 



o.'-o- o:^t>.c>-.a 



FEET 




100- 



400- 



500 - 



600 - 



700- 



800- 



900- 



1000- 



100- 



1200- 
\ 



Fig. 1.— Section of 
well north of Woy- 
den (No. 204, Pasa- 
dena quadrangle) . 



the East Whittier Company (fig. 1), north of Woyden 
station on the Southern Pacific Railroad — is 1,260 feet 
deep, and no bed rock was encountered, although the 
bottom of the well is almost 1,000 feet below sea 
level. Among the wells in the vicinity of Pomona of 
which records have been obtained are a number be- 
tween 500 and 1,000 feet deep. One of the deep 
wells of the Irrigation Company of Pomona, situated 
in the old Palomares cienaga, about three-fourths 
of a mile northeast of the point of the San Jose 
Hills, reached bed rock at a depth of about 800 
feet. It was drilled 150 feet lower, but of course 
no water was developed in the deeper formation. Bed 
rock in this well is about 150 feet above sea level, 
as the surface of the plain here is about 950 feet 
above. 

The Lorbeer well, 1 mile northwest of Chino, is 973 
feet deep and extends nearly 200 feet below sea level 
without striking bed rock. The lower 500 feet of 
clays, many of them red and of cemented gravel, 
were dry and yielded no water. These strata appear 
to belong to the earlier alluvium rather than to the 
later, more effective water-bearing gravel series. 

Half a mile southwest of this, a well belonging to 
Black Brothers & Woodhead is 718 feet deep and 
extends to within 25 feet of sea level. An incomplete 
record of this well fails to show the presence of strata 
older than the modern alluvium. 

Some other wells near bed-rock hills strike the 
buried slopes of these hills, but generally those out 
in the plains and valleys penetrate only loose sands, 
gravels, and clays. 

It may be accepted as true that the bed-rock bot- 
toms of the valleys whose topographic details are 
concealed by the mantle of wash which forms the 
Cucamonga Plains and the San Gabriel Valley are 
irregular, just as the topography of those bed-rock 
areas which extend above the wash as hills is irreg- 
ular. The rock basement beneath the San Gabriel 
Valley is presumably not unlike the hill region be- 
tween Los Angeles and Pasadena in character. 

An attempt to estimate the elevation of bed rock in 
the deepest part of the San Gabriel Valley is interesting 
but speculative. Since it is a valley of deformation, 
not one of erosion, a consideration of stream grades 
throws no light on the problem. A projection of the 






GROUND- WATER DISTRICTS. 33 

mountain slopes on the north and south of the valley to some assumed 
point of greatest depth probably gives a maximum measure, since 
it is quite unlikely that the steep slopes of the unburied portion of 
the surrounding mountains are maintained for greater distances 
beneath the cover of wash than above it. Such a rude estimate 
gives 4,000 feet below sea level as a possible depth of the bottom of 
the San Gabriel basin 2 or 3 miles south of Monrovia. It is likely 
to be less than this. The deepest well in the basin is that owned 
by the East Whittier Land and Water Company. This well is just 
west of San Gabriel Wash and about one-fourth mile north of the 
main line of the Southern Pacific. No bed rock was encountered in 
it at a depth of 1,260 feet, or nearly 1,000 feet below sea level. 

The Cucamonga Plains east of the San Jose Hills represent a more 
extended area than the San Gabriel Valley, and bed rock may be 
buried to a considerably greater depth beneath them. Wells in this 
area whose records have already been quoted extend to points well 
below sea level without encountering rock, but the outcropping Red 
Hills and Indian Hills, the barriers to which are due the old Martin 
and Del Monte cienagas, the dry red clays and cements encountered 
in some of the deep wells between Pomona and Chino, and the traces 
of earlier alluvium which flank the west end of the Jurupa Mountains 
on the north, indicate that this formation mav be of considerable 
importance under at least the western portion of the Cucamonga 
Plains. Beneath the northeastern part of these plains, where the 
alluvial fans are so steep and high, water is at too great a depth to 
be accessible, the underground conditions are little known and of 
little interest, and the depth to the bottom of the basin is purely a 
matter of conjecture. It has been estimated 05 that the San Ber- 
nardino basin may be 3,000 feet deep, or thereabouts. It seems 
unlikely, from the general evidence which has just been given, that 
the San Gabriel basin is more than 4,000 feet deep, and it may be 
less than this. The Cucamonga Plains area may overlie a bed-rock 
basin that is somewhat more deeply buried than either. 

GROUND-WATER DISTRICTS. 

Within the foothill belt the development of ground waters has been 
most intense in certain districts where experience has proved it to be 
most accessible and present in greatest amount, or where, despite the 
rather high cost of production, the crops raised by its use are valuable 
enough to bear easily the expense of pumping against high lifts. It 
is intended to present in the following paragraphs the essential facts, 
so far as they are known, as to the occurrence of the waters in each 
of these areas. 

a Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 142, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, p. 31. 
47505— ire 219—08 3 



34 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 
RED HILLS WATERS. 



The "Red Hills/' so called, lie about 2 miles northeast of North 
Ontario and nearly 4 miles south of the base of the San Gabriel Range. 
As a physical feature they form a nearly flat-topped mesa, which 
interrupts the general slope of this part of the Cucamonga Plains. 



'ASan Gabriel Mts. 

kiss's" v"//3S>*'o-?^ 



■'■^b-"^. 



c-:-i 



v* 



2 miles 



Fig. 2.— Diagrammatic section through the Red Hills; a granitic rocks; b, c, earlier and later alluvium 

and hypothetical boundary between them. 

Approached from the north the mesa appears only as a lessening of 
the slope, but its southern edge is a scarp 50 to 150 feet high. The 
lulls are made up of a deposit of the earlier red alluvium which has 
here escaped the destruction of the older topography by erosion during 

Feet 

100 





'Tppof.turiri.ef:-.'/; 



-^^^^'^mifrrn\p.iloe_ qpen_ 



joints L ___ ^^J^.yff,?^ 



Feet 200 



2000 2200 



Fig. 3.— Section along line of the Eddy or Cucamonga tunnel. 

the deposition of the later alluvium. The low mound therefore rep- 
resents the top of a hill of red clay, sand, and gravel, whose slopes 
are deeply buried under modern wash (fig. 2). Indian Hill represents 
a similar outcrop, and the same red-clay formation is reported to show 






RED HILLS UNDERGROUND WATERS. 



35 



The Martin and 



Del Monte cicnagas are 












O o ° o -A 












o p'ov-topo • ■ i 






r^K 



LO-2- 



FEET 
On 



100- 



200- 



300 



between these two points 
likewise probably due to buried hills of this older deposit which 
approach near to the surface. Its distribution beneath the modem 
gray alluvium therefore appears to be extensive. 

This buried earlier alluvium affects the occurrence of underground 
waters in two ways. In the first place, where the hills of the older, 
concealed topography lie athwart a line of under- 
ground circulation through the later alluvium, the}' 
serve as a dike or underground dam, forcing the 
waters which are percolating through the overlying 
gravels to or near to the surface, where they flow 
out in springs or are easily developed by wells. Or 
again, where the older alluvium lies near the sur- 
face the waters which circulate through it may be 
brought within reach of development. As the older 
alluvium has been folded in some localities by 
crustal disturbances which have taken place since 
its deposition, it may be that where it projects above 
the general plains surface.it has been brought to this 
position by folding. The section of the Eddy tunnel 
through the base of the Red Hills near their west- 
ern margin (fig. 3) seems to show a dip of the beds 
toward the north. It is probable, therefore, that 
this body of older alluvium stands above the general 
plain because it has been brought up along or near 
the axis of such an arch. Some of the waters which 
are percolating through it southward from the base 
of the San Gabriel Mountains w r ill be brought to the 
surface at this point and will issue as springs, or 
where their volume is not great enough to force 
them out as springs, they will at least be brought 
near enough to the surface to be accessible and 
may be developed by pumps. 

As a matter of fact, the vicinity of the Red Hills 
has been a source of irrigation water since the settle- 
ment of this part of southern California. Originally 
the waters utilized rose to the surface, principally 
in the "East" and "West" cienagas. The West 
cienaga lay along the west base of the Red Hills and 
the East cienaga in a ravine which drains south- 
ward from a point east of the highest part of the mesa, but near the 
center of the outcrop of the red alluvium. 

As the colonies dependent on these waters expanded, several devices 
were adopted for increasing the output of the water-bearing land. 



400- 



500- 



600- 



Q.O.QOo". 



700 J 

Fig. 4.— Section of 
Cucamonga Water 
Company's well (No. 
69, Cucamonga quad- 
ra ngle) . 



36 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 






lIXU'JliL/HJUi-LUL'Llli 



■p.-.-.O': 

o, 



. :.:o'.A 









FEET 

.*- o-i 



100- 



200- 



300- 



The Y tunnel was driven into the hill east of the East cienaga in 1886 
and 1887. Another tunnel, three-fourths of a mile farther east, was 
driven into water-bearing ground in 1887 and 1888, and the Eddy tun- 
nel was extended under the West cienaga at about the same time. 
More recently, especially in the late nineties and since, many wells 
have been drilled and pumping plants installed to 
increase or to maintain the original supply. 

The original cienaga waters and the pumped 
waters which now take their place seem certainly to 
be derived both from the earlier and later alluvium. 
The ultimate origin of the water in each of these 
formations is the same — namely, the rainfall upon 
the San Gabriel Range, north of the Red Hills — but 
the courses which they follow to the point of devel- 
opment, or at which they originally issued, are prob- 
ably essentially different. Nevertheless, waters 
from both sources were no doubt mingled in the 
old springs and are probably now mingled in some 
of the wells. 

It is to be remembered that the Red Hills as a 
partially buried topographic feature act as a barrier 
against which the modern stream wash has been 
piled. (See fig. 2.) The waters which are percolat- 
ing southward through this wash reach the barrier, 
rise behind it, and flow over it as springs, except 
where they are taken out by development before 
they reach the surface. Waters within the older 
formation, the red alluvium of the hills, enter the 
porous beds of this terrane at points near the base 
of the mountains, follow a deeper and presumably 
longer course entirely below the modern wash, and 
rise along the fold which is expressed by the Red 
Hills, to escape as springs or to be taken out before 
their escape by development. Important evidence 
of this difference in the courses followed by the two 
groups of waters is furnished by their temperatures. 
The waters of the east-side wells issue at tempera- 
tures of 70° to 72°; those of the west-side wells 
have temperatures of about 64°. This difference of 6° or 8° indi- 
cates that the former waters rise from regions 350 to 400 feet deeper 
than the latter, if the usual increment of 1° increase in earth heat 
with each 60 feet in depth is accepted as applying in this region. 
Inasmuch as the increase is probably less rapid than this in 
these unconsolidated gravels, it is likely that the difference in the 



400- 



500- 



600- 



¥^mg^ 7oo J 

Fig. 5.— Section of Sun- 
set Water Company's 
well (No. 54, Cuca- 
monga quadrangle) . 



SAN ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. 



37 



umi'i^'jimai'ii'iUi 



— o- — o — —o. 

a—ap^O — 
— iiO^o: 
,o -•Ot-'O-f 

• C 3 CD o ■ Q ■ 

o°o*Oo'".b(?o' 



SAN ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. 












Q-.o.-qvp- 



».o;; 



»0.o. .0.e?..<>. 

gogo.-qo. 



p.to*?:0.-pe>:fa. 

Q-.p -'.\C= 7. CO^O' 

VO'oVj -QzQ.V T; 



FEET 
0-, 



100 - 



200 - 



depth from which the two waters rise is greater than that given 
above. If this evidence of the temperature is accepted as a safe 
basis for a division of the waters, the Haskell wells (No. 79, 
Cucamonga quadrangle) and those farther east fall into the group 
which derives its waters from the Red Hills formation, the older 
alluvium; while those to the west derive their 
waters from the overlying modern wash. The loca- 
tion of the wells in areas which are recognized as 
respectively in older and in modern alluvium sup- 
ports this evidence of the temperatures. 

It is unlikely that the waters of the two groups 
are w T holly distinct. Interchange probably takes 
place through leakage from one formation into the 
other. However, even though the separation is 
not entirely perfect, it is probably sufficiently defi- 
nite to bring about certain differences in the be- 
havior of the two groups of waters under the 
influence of development. ^The supply in the west- 
side wells may b'e expected to respond somewhat 
more promptly to wet and dry years than that 
of the east-side wells, whose waters follow a longer 
course through somewhat less pervious material 
to the point where they are pumped to the sur- 
face. In many places, also, the older gravel is less 
open and yields its waters less freely than the 
newer, so that individual wells are expected on the 
average to have a smaller capacity. The water 
developed from both formations in the vicinity of 
the Red Hills is probably supplied largely by the 
run-off from Cucamonga Canyon and the camions 
farther east. 



300- 



400 - 



500- 



600- 



The area whose ground waters are supplied by 
run-off from San Antonio Canyon is so distinct and 
so important that it is best to accord it separate FlG . 6 _ section of san 
treatment. The Palomares, Del Monte, and Martin Antonio water com- 

,. ' , ' . , pany's well (No. 73, 

cienagas, at one time proline sources or artesian w^ater cucamonga quad- 
and still yielding valuable pumped waters in large ran s !e! 
quantity, the Indian Hill group of wells, and another series of scattered 
wells near the San Gabriel foothills northwest of Claremont all draw 
the major part of their waters from the run-off of the San Antonio 
basin and the much smaller and less important basins of Thompson 
and Liveoak creeks. Their situation, which has been determined as 



38 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 




Cl o 

l-h 



m 






"AW*? 



Indian Hill 



Vop Claremont 



I*' -ft "I 

/•■t.'.'o 1. 



most favorable by years of work in development, is in the belt through 
which practically all San Antonio waters must percolate. The pecu- 
liar position of the old Palomares cienaga, on the high ground at the 
eastern point of the San Jose Hills and appar- 3 _ - N -n 

ently not in the direct line of run-off from any 
of the important canyons, together with the 
abundant water supply which it has always 
yielded, makes it of especial interest. Practi- 
cally all of the surface discharge of San Antonio 
Canyon now passes east of Claremont, and the 
run-off from the next large canyon to the 
west — San Dimas — is entirely westward toward 
the San Gabriel. The Palomares cienaga is 
nearly on the divide between them. Appar- 
ently the only element in its situation favor- 
able to the formation of an artesian basin is 
the barrier of the San Jose Hills back of it. 
Surface conditions alone would lead the student 
of the ground-water supply to expect the 
greater part of the San Antonio percolation to 
be well east of Claremont, but development 
proves that it is practically all west of a line 
which crosses the Santa Fe Railway about 1 
mile east of the town. 

The true explanation of this diversion of the 
San Antonio percolating waters westward 
against the foot of the San Jose Hills, when 
their normal course apparently should be di- 
rectly southward from the mouth of the can- 
yon, is to be sought in the buried older topog- 
raphy (fig. 7), which has been discussed in part 
in the consideration of the Red Hills waters. 
The evidence furnished by well records, which 
is rather scant, and by water levels, also scant 
but yet more complete than the, other, indi- 
cates that a barrier (a so-called " dike "), which 
is probably only a buried hill of the older allu- 
vium, extends from the base of the spur east 
of the mouth of San Antonio Canyon south- 
ward and slightly westward in a gentle curve 
toward the south line of the Palomares cienaga 
and the east point of the San Jose Hills. West 
of this curved line lie the producing wells of 
the district, with a water plane high enough, except at some points 
near the base of the mountains, so that the waters may be pumped 



£&•>.' 



Chino 



'1 1--'- 



SAX ANTONIO UNDERGROUND WATERS. 



89 



DC_0 ,_p c ,5_. 
£o;H<D°-S:0: 






w ;o ■ o . o . <=> Y o o 



ffSji 



.-i-o^o^-- 



-a.-^zsPi°-^-o. 




c ?-i ;c !-o".o ,< b ; <J, 

to ?.'Q<b?e9.'d ?»' 



o.v'o!°P?<?°d.Oj 



FEET 
0-1 



100- 



200- 



300 -j 



readily; east of it are many dry shafts, or if water is encountered it 
is at a much greater depth than across this line. Underground waters 
from the Cucamonga Canyon are checked and held up so that they 
are accessible by the Red Hills and by buried north- 
west and northeast extensions of them, while the 
same effect is produced on the San Antonio Canyon 
waters by the buried ridge indicated above. 

Between these two valuable water-bearing districts 
is an irregularly triangular area, with its axis per- 
haps a quarter or a half mile west of San Antonio 
avenue and its base extending along the Santa Fe 
tracks, in which ground waters are found only at 
depths too great for profitable development at pres- 
ent. This is presumably a valley in the earlier 
buried "Red Hills" topography, and the under- 
ground w T aters entering it across the buried ridges 
or ''dikes" to the northeast and northwest sink at 
once to lower levels, much as surface waters are 
found at lower levels below a dam than above it. 

The first waters taken from the old Palomares 
cienaga (PL I, C-D and fig. 8) were waters which rose 
naturally under artesian pressure and supplied San 
Jose Creek. These waters were diverted into a ditch 
and used for irrigation as early as 1840. The use 
was not extensive, however, until the seventies, 
when the available amount was increased by devel- 
opments consisting of drainage ditches cut into the 
cienaga and of artesian wells. These wells continued 
to yield a supply until near the end of the decade 
between 1890 and 1900, when they gradually failed 
as a result of increased development and drought. 
Xow all waters drawn from this original artesian 
basin are pumped. The smaller Del Monte and 
Martin marshes have had similar histories. They 
first yielded spring waters; then with the ''develop- 
ment" of the water-bearing lands, short-lived arte- 
sian wells were procured and the springs dried out. 
Now all water used is pumped. 



400 



500- 



600- 



700- 



CHJNO ARTESIAN BELT. 



800 -J 

Fig. 8.— Section of Gird 
well No. G, Palomares 
cienaga ( nea r Xo. 284, 
Cucamonga quad- 
rangle . 



All the waters which escape underground from the higher water- 
bearing lands to the north, all the return irrigation waters from the 
extensive irrigated areas about Pomona, Claremont, Ontario, and 



40 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



Cucamonga, and the winter flood waters from the mountain canyons 
between Lordsburg and Etiwanda which are absorbed south of a line 
connecting the eastern part of the San Jose Hills and the Red Hills, 
percolate slowly southward toward Santa Ana River, the main 
drainage line of this part of the State. 

In the vicinity of Chino and for 5 or 6 miles southeast of that town 
these ground waters are under sufficient pressure to rise to the surface 
when wells are drilled in the water-bearing sands. The area within 
which these rising waters are known to occur covered about 21.4 
square miles in 1904. This represents a slight shrinkage from the 
maximum original area of approximately 23 square miles, when the 
basin was entirely undeveloped and rainfall in this part of the State 
was heavy. The southwestern rim of the basin is 
formed by the bed rock of the Puente Hills. Toward 
the northeast it is indefinitely limited by the rising 
ground of the Cucamonga Plains. Its southern 
edge, so far as it is revealed by development, is a 
rather difmite line that is probably determined by 
the shoaling of the basin in this direction, through 
the rise of its relatively impervious base toward the 
surface. This base seems to consist of an older 
gravelly alluvium, like the coarser phase of the Red 
Hills beds, but beneath this Tertiary sandstones and 
shales or granitic rocks such as outcrop near Corona 
would doubtless be encountered in sufficiently deep 
drilling. 

Throughout this belt, as in most of the artesian 
districts, there are moist lands and springs that 
mark the points at which the waters under pressure 
below leak to the surface. Chino Creek and other 
small streams which drain the area do not show the usual shrinkage 
of southern California streams during the last decade, but on the 
contrary have maintained their flow or have increased it slightly. 
Santa Ana River at the narrows below Rincon has increased in flow 
from a minimum of 14 or 15 second-feet in 1888 to a minimum of 60 
or 70 second-feet in 1904. This increase is accepted as one of the 
striking examples of the effect of return irrigation waters in adding 
to the volume of flowing waters below the irrigated lands during a 
dry period. Much of this increase is no doubt due to irrigation in 
the vicinity of Riverside, but an important proportion is also to be 
attributed to the steady application of water to the land in the 
colonies along the western margin of the Cucamonga Plains. A large 
part of this latter return water passes through the Chino artesian belt 
in its slow percolation seaward, and helps to account for the fact that 
this basin has exhibited less shrinkage during the trying years of 





FEET 


im L'x'iitij u u uu aui-u 


0-, 






r^-±H-^rL^-±^z^-= 




F^SSk^VT^S? 




|>=-:z^^?S 




B5J5?SgggjgiSH5 




^3t£Ht£^=?^E 


100- 


SFS£=L2lQ2£§ig 




IpIsI^S^s? 


- 


j=" -°'Q 'o'.oiiaAo'.O'jOf 




^=^EIr^j=rz=. 


200- 


RUSH 




E^i^e^d 




g^rrT^^ 








:1sS?^fc>%Si:tt 


300- 



Fig. 9— Section of W. P. 
Brown's well (No. 221, 
Cucamonga quadran- 
gle). 




41 



mijumiwjuinlLi mm uxhi 







o. O .O'-'Q A Q;.Q.°, 






FEET 
— 



100 



200- 



300- 



400- 



Op C?"O^.P>; 



CHINO ARTESIAN BELT. 

rought which have just passed than other important 
artesian basins of this end of the State. It is also 
true that this basin has been less vigorously devel- 
oped than others, chiefly because there has been 
difficulty in securing good titles to land on the old 
Chino rancho until recently. These two conditions, 
then, moderate development and favorable situation 
in relation to return irrigation waters, account for 
the fact that this basin is now in excellent condition 
so far as its water supply is concerned. 

The Chino basin proper has not been explored to 
great depths by the driller, the deepest well being 
that belonging to Edward Lester (Xo. 36, Cuca- 
monga quadrangle). It is 467 feet deep, and all the 
coarser strata are found above 390 feet. Most 
other wells within the basin are 300 feet or less in 
depth. (See fig. 9.) 

The deepest well in the Cucamonga Plains, the 
Lorbeer well (fig. 10), just northwest of Chino, was 
drilled to a depth of 973 feet, but the record indi- 
cates that below 500 feet the drill pierced the older 
alluvium, consisting of red clays and cemented 
beds which yielded no water. Southwest of Chino, 
toward Santa Ana River, there are outcrops of 
slightly hardened gravel wliich seem to belong to the 
earlier alluvium. These scattered facts suggest that 
the filling of modern wash within the Chino district 
is a comparatively thin veneer, 500 feet or less in 
thickness, beneath winch lie relatively compact older 
clays and cemented gravels which are dry or but 
meagerly water bearing. If this inference is correct, 
the value of wells drilled in this region in the future 
will not be increased by extending them in depth 
beyond 300 to 500 feet. The data are too incomplete 
as yet to state tins as more than a probable condi- 
tion. A few deep test wells drilled in the area 
extending 4 or 5 miles southeastward from Chino 
will give much needed light on the underground 
conditions. 

The apparent shallowness of tins basin, taken in 
connection with the rather irregular topography 
along -its southern border in the vicinitv of Saant 
Ana River, leads to the belief that its limits in this fig. io.-section of Lor- 

,. , , : . „ beer well (Xo. 154. Cu- 

direction are due to the rise toward the surface of camonga quadrangle). 



'^p^^fofgl 






;o ".o.-o p^-'ov 



: Pd?P^oOo?d5 



500- 



600' 



700- 



800- 



900 - 



1000- 



42 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

the dry older alluvium which forms the floor of the basin farther 
north. 

SAN JOSE VALLEY. 

The Puente and San Jose hills, which together constitute the north- 
western extension of the Santa Ana Mountains, are separated by the 
valley of San Jose Creek. This stream is peculiar in that it rises not 
in the hills themselves but in the western edge of the Cucamonga 
Plains, whence it flows directly across the hill area through a restricted 
valley into the San Gabriel basin. It is believed to be a compound 
stream, resulting from a reversal of drainage caused by the growth of 
the San Antonio alluvial fan. The original divide between the 
eastward-flowing and westward-flowing elements of this compound 
stream seems to have been about 2 miles below Spadra. At that 
time the east end of San Jose Valley drained into the Santa Ana, 
and the west end drained as now toward the San Gabriel. With the 
growth of the San Antonio fan southward the original eastern outlet 
was blocked, slowly filled, and finally given a westward slope. The 
Palomares cienaga probably originated with this growth of alluvial 
deposits and its excess waters became the source and principal feeder 
of San Jose Creek. Now, when there is a surface flow in this creek, 
its waters rise on the north slope of the eastern point of the San Jose 
Hills, flow westward around the point of the hills, and double back 
into the San Jose Valley, giving a very tortuous alignment to the 
upper portion of the stream. 

The sand and gravel filling in the eastern portion of the San Jose 
Valley in the vicinity of Pomona is rather deep; wells have been 
drilled here to depths between 300 and 400 feet without reaching bed 
rock. Near Spadra are wells between 150 and 300 feet deep which 
do not reach the rock bottom of the valley, but others much shallower 
near the borders of the area encounter rim rock, the u hill formation," 
as it is locally called. In the vicinity of Lemon bed rock seems to be 
near the surface of the valley. In the Howell well and tunnel the 
hill shales are found at a depth of 35 feet, but the McClintock, Lee & 
St. Clair well, 1 mile farther south, failed to reach rock at 100 feet. 
From this neighborhood westward the valley presumably deepens 
gradually until it unites with the main San Gabriel basin below 
Puente. Its underground water supply, while replenished in part, 
of course, by local run-off from the surrounding hills, has been fed 
in the past to an important extent by the excess from the Palomares 
cienaga, which San Jose Creek drains, and that supply has, with but 
little question, been adversely affected by the extensive drafts on 
this cienaga for irrigation about Pomona. 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF SAN DIMAS WASH. 48 

SAN DIMAS DISTRICT. 
DEVELOPMENT. 

West of the Cucamonga Plains and between the San Jose Hills and 
the base of the San Gabriel Range is an area, extending westward to 
San Gabriel Wash, which has been growing steadily in importance 
in recent years as a productive citrus district. It includes the towns 
of San Dimas, Covina, Glendora, and Azusa, with their surrounding 
tributary horticultural belts. 

The preservation of the citrus acreage planted previous to 1897 and 
its extension since have been accomplished here, as in most of the 
orange-growing sections of the south end of the State, by the develop- 
ment of underground waters. To bring about this result many 
important wells have been put down during the last decade. This 
development has been particularly extensive in San Dimas Wash 
because valuable lands about Glendora and Covina could be con- 
veniently served by these waters, and on the mesa lands about 
Laverne because this region is especially adapted to citrus culture 
and is not served by gravity waters from either the San Gabriel or 
the San Antonio system. The flowing waters from the smaller 
canyons between these two streams are of course utilized, but the 
flow from them ceases or seriously diminishes during the heated 
term, and must be augmented by ground waters to provide for the 
continuous irrigation winch citrus fruits require. This development 
has resulted in the accumulation of a considerable mass of evidence 
on underground conditions, and inasmuch as a large acreage is depend- 
ent on waters obtained by pumping, great interest is felt by the 
dependent communities in the conditions which the developments 
reveal. 

SURFACE CONDITIONS. 

The red mesa lands, which represent the older topography of the 
Indian Hill and Red Hills type, are widely distributed in this narrow- 
est part of the valley between the San Jose Hills and the San Gabriel 
Mountains. They form the mesas on either side of San Dimas Wash, 
which is, indeed, a canyon cut in this older alluvium and then par- 
tially refilled by the modern stream debris; they extend from San 
Dimas eastward beyond the mouth of Liveoak Canyon and southward 
toward Laverne and Lordsburg. In the latter direction their sur- 
face extent can not be determined with accuracy because they are 
mantled by the later alluvium, and the soils derived from the two 
formations are very commonly so much alike that they can not be 
distinguished. The obscurity is increased where the older mesa 
formation is coarse and gravelly, as it is in numerous places near the 
mountains. In many such places its red color is wanting and it is to 



44 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

be distinguished from the latest wash only by its distribution and by 
a slight induration, which although very imperfect is usually some- 
what greater than that of the later gravels. North of San Dimas 
Wash a bench of the red clays, in many of the exposures very typic- 
ally developed, extends eastward from the point of the hill south of 
Glendora to the base of the main range. Between Azusa and Glen- 
dor a a fringe of this formation flanks the mountain base. In these 
described areas it forms the actual surface; over other sections it is 
probably not deeply buried. For example, it presumabty underlies 
the entire area about the head of Walnut Creek, extending from 
Laverne, San Dimas, and the country to the west, southward to the 
San Jose Hills, and it may underlie much of the Glendora district at 
slight depths. It should be understood clearly that these red clays 
and gravels were distributed just as the clays, gravels, and sands are 
being distributed to-day over their channels by the San Gabriel and 
other streams. In both cases the material laid down is simply the 
ground-up rock brought by the streams from their mountain can- 
yons, and the total quantit}^ of earlier and later wash is equal to the 
amount removed by the streams in cutting the canyons. 

The important facts about the older alluvium are that in certain 
areas it has been uplifted since its deposition and that time enough 
has elapsed to permit it to be eroded by the streams since its uplift, 
so that an irregular topography has been produced in it. There are 
hills here and valleys there, canyons in one area, mesas in another, 
and these have all been smoothed over and partially buried b} T the 
modern stream wash. We do not know this older topography, there- 
fore, in detail. We see only here and there a hilltop or a broad mesa 
standing above the modern wash. The rest of the red alluvial hills 
and valleys are buried beneath it. In many areas, however, they 
manifest themselves distinctly in the influence that the}^ exert on 
the circulation of the ground waters. While this influence is marked, 
it is not everywhere complete, because the old alluvium is not imper- 
vious. A ridge of it buried in the later alluvium may therefore not 
entirely deflect the waters percolating through the latter, although 
the difference in porosity is in many places great enough to make 
the deflection nearly complete. 

Both the older and the younger alluvial deposits exhibit the irregu- 
larity which is characteristic of the alluvium everywhere. Both have 
their coarse and their fine phases, their pervious and their impervious 
lenses and strata. This fact increases the difficulty of distinguishing 
between them, because though, taken all in all, the modern wash is 
more open and permits of freer circulation of ground waters than the 
older wash, yet many of the better beds in the older wash may be 
superior to the poorer beds in the modern wash in this important 
respect. Both are water bearing, and under favorable conditions 
good wells are procured in each, but the greater number of better wells 



UNDERGROUND WATERS OF SAN DIMAS WASH. 



45 



?£E 






ZOi 



1<D1 



^3P 

--•. o. V ) .^i':.0 : Xr 






FEET 
0-i 



100- 



200- 



300- 



»re drilled in the modern gray wash, and in many places the older 
alluvium is dry. 

UNDERGROUND CONDITIONS. 

The extensive developments about Lordsburg and Lavcrne and in 
San Dimas Wash have brought to light certain important phases of the 
underground conditions. Bed rock has been found 
in enough of these wells to give a hint as to the depth 
of the alluvial filling and the downward limits of water- 
bearing gravel. A well which has been mentioned 
before, belonging to the Irrigation Compan}^ of Pomona 
(No. 182, Pomona quadrangle) , enters bed rock at a 
depth of about 800 feet; that is, at 160 feet above sea 
level. 

In one of the Covina Irrigating Company's wells 
south of Lordsburg the drill entered lava, similar to 
that which outcrops in the hills farther to the south, 
at 244 feet from the surface, although other wells 
of this group which were drilled 150 feet deeper are in 
alluvium to the bottom. 

In the recently drilled Peyton well (No. 247, 
Pomona quadrangle; see fig. 11) a granite bed rock, 
first encountered at 538 feet from the surface, was 
penetrated for nearly 100 feet. Bed rock here stands 
at something more than 600 feet above sea level and 
in the Covina well at about 750 feet. 

The San Dimas Irrigating Company's wells on the 
site of the old "Mud Springs" cienaga reached a 
shale bed rock at about 200 feet below the surface; 
that is, at about 800 feet above sea level. These 
and the Covina wells are near the south rim of the 
valley. 

At the bottom of wells Xos. 208 and 210, owned by 
Baker & Son and by X. L. Sparks, a lava bed rock 
was found at 330 and 300 feet, respectively, below 
the surface ; that is, at a little less than 900 feet above 
sea level. North and south of San Dimas Wash 
are bed-rock hills of shale, sandstone, and lava, and 
wells drilled near these knobs strike the same rock 
formation at slight depth. The Deacon wells, be- 
longing to the Covina Irrigating Company, are of this type. Of 
the wells mentioned none are in the center of the valley, where 
bed rock is probably deepest, although the Peyton well, north of 
Lordsburg, is not far from the center. A number of the San 
Dimas Wash wells are more than 500 feet in. depth (fig. 12), 
and so far as reported, in no well except those of the Deacon 



4-00 






n'/V '*>>■ 



500 



600 - 



700 - 1 



P'ig. 11.— Section of 
Peyton well (No. 
247, Pomona quad- 
rangle). 



46 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



group, drilled near the base of a bed-rock mound, was rock found 
in place. It seems unlikely, however, that bed rock is more than 
1,000 feet below the surface in this vicinity. The buried bed-rock 
surface, it is to be remembered, is probably quite as irregular as that 
part of it which lies above the alluvial filling. It consists of ridges, 
knobs, and valleys, so that the depth to it will not be uniform and 
can not be predicted with exactness at any point. The records of 
the wells which have been mentioned support the 
opinion that would be formed bj a mere inspection 
of the topograph}^, namely, that bed rock lies closer 
to the surface in this narrow belt, where the Coast 
Range approaches nearest to the base of the San 
Gabriel Mountains, than in the broader San Gabriel 
Valley to the west or in the wide Cucamonga Plains 
to the east. 






6 o c <=>-b-V 



o- -oi-o-oo; 






*. 0't>.0'c?.^>'0 $ 



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200 



•400 — 



500- 



The greater part of the sands, gravels, and clays 
in the San Dimas area belongs, as has already 
been indicated, to the older alluvium, the a Red 
Hills formation," as it is locally called; but in San 
Dimas Wash itself a fairly deep canyon has been 
cut into this older wash and then partially filled 
again by the loose sands and gravels brought out 
by the stream (fig. 13). The walls of the unfilled 
portion of this older canyon limit the mesa north 
of San Dimas and Laverne. 

The depth of the loose modern filling in the wash 
seems to be only about 100 or 200 feet. Below 
that depth some of the wells encounter red clays 
which presumably belong to the older alluvium 
that forms the walls of San Dimas Wash. 

The depth to bed rock in the wash is of in- 
terest to irrigators because it determines the final 
lower limit from which irrigating waters can be 
drawn. None of the owners who have put down 
wells near the middle of the wash, where the freest 
water-bearing gravels are found, have reported 
bed rock, although it has been reached in a num- 
ber of the wells near the southern edge. In view 
of the restricted character of the middle valley of the San Dimas and 
the fact that it is only about 1 mile from rim rock on the south of 
the wash to rim rock on the north, near the town of San Dimas, it is 
manifest that bed rock can not lie at great depth below this part 
of the stream bed. 

North of Laverne the valley is broader and may be deeper, since 
its bottom is probably irregular, but the greatest depth to bed rock 



600 

Fig. 12. — Section ol' 
Western Water and 
Power Company's welj 
(No. 233, Pomona 
quadrangle) . 



SAN GABRIEL VALLEY GEOUHD WATERS. 47 

here is probably beneath the mesa in the old alluvium, while the 
principal producing wells lie in the wash within less than three-fourths 
of a mile from the northern rocky border of the valley. If the gen- 
eral average slope of this mountain rim, a slope of 1,000 to 1,500 feet 
per mile, is maintained beneath the wash, as it probably is, then bed 
rock is to be expected at less, probably at considerably less, than 
1,000 feet from the surface in that part of the wash where develop- 
ment is most intense. 

The great value of the gravels which have been pierced here is due 
to their coarseness, openness, and looseness, and the consequent free- 
dom with which they yield the water that they contain, and the 
readiness with which they are recharged after having been heavily 
pumped. 

The San Dimas area forms the extreme eastern extension of the 
San Gabriel Valley, but has been discussed as a separate district 
because of the intensity and importance of its development, and 
because, as it stands near the divide between the San Gabriel Valley 




500- 

o '/z i mile 

i -j i 

Fig. 13. — Diagrammatic section across San Dimas Wash; a, lava; b, alluvium; c, shale. 

and the Cucamonga Plains, underground conditions are unlike those 
in either of the latter areas. 

SAN GABRIEL VALLEY. 

Westward from San Dimas the valley of San Dimas Creek gradu- 
ally opens out into the San Gabriel Valley proper, which extends as 
a wide plain with a gentle slope toward the south to the San Rafael 
Hills beyond Pasadena. San Gabriel River at the mouth of its can- 
yon discharges upon this plain and leaves it through the Paso de 
Bartolo, a dozen miles to the southwest. Throughout much of the 
year its channel across the plain is a dry wash, but during the period 
of the winter rains a surface stream often extends entirely across the 
valley. At other seasons the water which reaches the inner edge of 
the plain from the canyon sinks and crosses the valley by percolation 
underground. Water always rises in and near the Paso de Bartolo 
in springs, which feed Rio Hondo and the San Gabriel and thus 
supply the canals which head here with irrigating water. So far as 
known, this central portion of the basin is a simple broad valley of 
deformation, whose bed-rock bottom may be several thousand feet 
below the surface. 



48 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

That part of the San Gabriel Valley, however, which lies north and 
west of a line connecting South Pasadena with the spur of the San 
Gabriel Mountains between Santa Anita Canyon and Monrovia, is a 
distinct province so far as its underground waters are concerned. A 
fold in the late strata which form the valley filling, a fold which in 
places expresses itself topographically as a ridge or a series of knobs, 
here forms an effective underground barrier to the waters that are 
percolating toward the axis of the valley from the northwest, and so 
makes of this northwestern tract a distinct area, which will be spoken 
of as the Pasadena Basin. 

In the central part of the San Gabriel Valley development has not 
as yet been very intense. The cultivable lands along the northern 
edge, particularly those east of San Gabriel Canyon, are irrigated 
largely by canals which take gravity water from the canyon. There 
are a number of successful wells west of the wash close to the foot- 
hills, where soils are good, but farther south is a wide area of rough 
land which has little agricultural value and beneath which the water 
plane lies at considerable depths. Still farther south, toward Bassett 
and Elmonte, the soils are finer and more productive, and the water 
plane lies nearer the surface, so that the development of under- 
ground waters is less expensive. In this area they are more generally 
used. The Paso de Bartolo is the water gap through which the San 
Gabriel Valley waters are discharged upon the coastal plain. It is 
less than 2 miles wide, and its depth is not known, although the 
topography and the records of wells drilled in the pass indicate 
clearly that the depth must be considerable, perhaps 600 or 800 feet. 
The valley to the north is doubtless much deeper than this, and the 
rise of the ground waters in the pass is due to a combined lateral 
contraction and shoaling of the basin, so that the cross-section of 
the field through which the waters are percolating is very much 
lessened, and they are forced out as surface flows. The waters which 
accumulate here above the pass and escape through it, either over 
the surface or beneath it, include all the waters that drain into the 
San Gabriel Valley from San Dimas westward to Pasadena, except 
those that evaporate from the water or soil surfaces. The greater 
portion of the subsurface circulation of even Arroyo Seco probably 
escapes to the coastal plain by this route, although its surface waters 
join the Los Angeles River system at Los Angeles. 

The greater San Gabriel basin, in which the absorptive gravels 
occur, is a constructional valley of the type .almost universal in 
southern California. It is one of the more extensive of the basins 
of this type, and its dimensions are difficult to estimate. Wells are 
not numerous except near the southern margin, and these are gen- 
erally of depths so moderate that they give no clue to the position 



SAN GABRIEL VALLEY GROUND WATERS. 4 ( J 

of the bottom of the basin. One exception is to be noted. The test 
well of the East Whittier Land and Water Company, just west of 
San Gabriel Wash and north of the Southern Pacific tracks, has been 
extended to a depth of 1,260 feet. Throughout this distance the 
drill penetrated only alternating sand, gravel, and clay strata. The 
coarsest beds were found between 70 and 350 and between 570 and 
780 feet from the surface. Below 780 feet coarse strata are unusual 
and clay predominates, but the bottom of the well is in unconsoli- 
dated material, bed rock not having been reached. 

Wells 300 feet deep in the narrowest part of the Paso de Bartolo 
likewise failed to reach bottom, so that this outlet of the San Gabriel 
Basin has been depressed since it was cut by the stream until it 
stands below sea level. Just below and west of the pass, on the 
inner slope of the coastal plain, is a 500-foot well which penetrates 
alluvium throughout. 

At Elmonte a well belonging to the Southern Pacific Company is 
480 feet deep, and of course is in alluvium to the bottom. Other 
wells from 300 to 500 feet deep in the vicinity of San Gabriel and 
Savannah record the same conditions. 

East of the San Gabriel and 3 miles north of Puente is a well 
belonging to Edward Fickewirth which is 850 feet deep (fig. 14). 
The record shows only an alternation of sand, clay, and gravel strata, 
but some of the gravel is reported to be cemented and may belong 
to the Pliocene rocks, which outcrop in the Puente Hills only a 
mile away. Shallower wells near this one are reported to yield more 
freely. In general the developments have furnished no evidence 
which will permit a direct estimate of the position and character of 
the rock floor of the San Gabriel Valley. It certainly lies well below 
sea level, not less than 1,000 feet below at the East Whittier pump- 
ing station, where the land surface has an elevation of about 300 
feet. Without exploration to it, statements as to its position can 
have little value. The basin is too broad and irregular in outline to 
make projection of the slopes of the bordering hills a safe guide to 
the position of bed rock beneath the surface, and the existence of 
a fault or fault zone of great magnitude along the northern border 
adds to the uncertainty of the bed-rock position in this direction. 
It is highly probable that the depression of valleys of this type has 
been gradual, and that the filling by unconsolidated materials has 
also been gradual, since it has, no doubt, accompanied the depres- 
sion and has probably kept pace with it. The more deeply buried 
sands and gravels are therefore the older, and their consolidation 
is likely to be more thorough. It is quite possible that alluvial sedi- 
mentation of this type began toward the end of the Tertiary period, 
which is represented in the folded conglomerates, shales, sands, 
47505— ikr 219—08 4 



50 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



and clays in the Pnente Hills, and that it has continued with more or 
less regularity since. If this is true, bed rock beneath parts of the 
valley, at least, will not be a distinct and easily 
recognizable feature. 

Instead, in deep drilling, the late alluvium would 
gradually become more compact with depth until 
it passed by imperceptible gradations into bed rock 
of the type which outcrops in the Puente Hills. 

Wherever granitic islands stood up from the 
deeper-lying granitic basement, however, and were 
finally engulfed only in the latest accumulations of 
alluvium, they may be encountered by the drill in 
its explorations, and then a perfectly distinct and 
definite bed rock will be recognized. Such a gra- 
nitic island which projects above the present sur- 
face is to be found in Monk Hill, Pasadena, and 
others which lie beneath this surface are more 
likely to. be encountered in drilling near the north- 
ern and western than near the southern and eastern 
edges of the basin. 

PASADENA BASIN. 





FEET 


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. The Raymond Hotel stands on the crest of a hill 
near the southern edge of Pasadena. The axis of 
this hill is an overturned anticline of Miocene sand- 
stones and shales. (See fig. 16.) North of east 
from the hotel are a series of low knobs and 
abrupt changes in the valley slope, which extend 
toward the spur of the. San Gabriel Range that 
lies just east of the mouth of Santa Anita Canyon. 
At some points along this line the knobs and the 
steepening slope which are the surface evidences of 
certain significant underground conditions are con- 
spicuous. At other points they are insignificant, 
but even here the topography is usually uneven 
and the zone along the upper edge of the "dike" 
is marked by dark peaty soil. 

The behavior of the underground waters which 
are seeking an outlet by percolation southeastward 
from the Pasadena Basin toward the main San 
Gabriel Valley is even more significant of under- 
ground conditions along this line. Above it ground 
waters lie near to the surface or flow out over the 
surface in certain places. Below it they lie more than 100 feet lower. 
The condition is similar to that above and below a surface dam, the 
water level being much nigher above than below because of the imper- 



FlG. 14.— Section of Ficke 
wirth well (No. 90, Po 
mona quadrangle) . 



PASADENA BASIN GROUND WATERS. 



51 






O;0:9.;0-'0 




FEET 
O-i 



100 - 



200 - 



meable barrier between. Over the face of this subterranean dam, the 
Raymond Hill dike, the ground-water level has a steep grade, as sur- 
face waters have a steep fall over the crest of a surface dam. Above 
the dike percolating waters are checked in their southward move- 
ment and accumulate under pressure where proper physical conditions 
exist, so that they are artesian. 

The greater number of the wells of the Pasadena Basin are located 
along a zone just above this dike, for the waters here are much more 
accessible than elsewhere in the basin. A few important wells, all 
of which, however, involve high lifts, have been in- 
stalled in a subdivision of the main Pasadena Basin, 
near its northern edge, which may be spoken of as 
the North Pasadena Basin. Among these are wells 
belonging to some of the Pasadena water companies 
in the neighborhood of Las Casetas and Marengo. 

On the mesa just northwest of Devils Gate one of 
the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Com- 
pany's wells (Xo. 434, Pasadena quadrangle) is 614 
feet deep and does not reach bed rock, although rock 
outcrops in Arroyo Seco, only a mile away. This 
illustrates the steepness of the buried bed-rock slopes 
in this part of the Pasadena Basin. They are prob- 
ably comparable in steepness with the mountain 
slopes to the north of the valley. The record of this 
well indicates a very common succession of sand, 
gravel, clay, and bowlders to 560 feet. Below that 
point the proportion of what the driller calls ''rock," 
a term which he generally applies to very coarse 
material, increases and continues to the bottom of 
the boring. It seems unlikely that bed rock lies at 
a great distance below the bottom of this well. 

Monk Hill (fig. 16), in Xorth Pasadena, is a bed- fig. 1.5.— section cf 
rotk outcrop which is clearly a southeastward con- (^^449 Pasadena 
tinuation of the spur of the San Rafael Hills through quadrangle), 
which Arroyo Seco has cut at Devils Gate. This partially buried 
ridge is thus an eastward extension of the south wall of La Canada 
Valley. Its presence is clearly indicated not only by the accumu- 
lated underground waters north of it which have been utilized 
with such success in the Devils Gate developments of the Pasadena 
companies and the wells about Las Casetas station, and by the 
much greater depth (200 feet or more) at which waters are 
found below it, but also by the records of wells Xos. 74 and 74a, 
which are reported to have reached bed rock at 135 and 146 feet, 
respectively, from the surface. These wells lie between Monk Hill and 



300 



400 - 



500 - 1 



52 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

the granitic outcrops in Arroyo Seco below Devils Gate (PL II, A) 
and furnish practically conclusive evidence that a continuous bed- 
rock ridge lies buried under the alluvium between these two points. 
The effect of this barrier is to check the southward movement of the 
underground waters which accumulate above Devils Gate, and to 
force them to make a long detour to the eastward around Monk Hill 
before continuing southward. They are thus thrown into the San 
Gabriel drainage basin instead of being tributary to that of Los 
Angeles River as are the flood waters of Arroyo Seco. An under- 
ground barrier thus changes entirely the route followed by the under- 
ground circulation of the upper course of the stream, and we have 
the interesting spectacle of the surface flood waters of a drainage 
basin flowing seaward by way of one river system, and the under- 
ground waters seeking the same destination by another route. 

Before the Devils Gate developments were undertaken, some of 
the surplus underground waters which were held behind this Monk 
Hill barrier rose to the surface at Devils Gate in the series of springs 
which formed one of the important original sources of Pasadena 
water. This surplus is now taken out by the tunnels and wells and 
the springs have ceased to flow. It is safe to say also that more 
water may be continuously developed by this system than the 
springs originally yielded, because much was lost by evaporation in 
the moist lands about the springs under the original conditions, and 
also because a part of the surplus which originally no doubt found its 
way eastward around Monk Hill is probably now brought out by 
way of the tunnels and wells. At the Sheep Corral springs, as at 
Devils Gate, Arroyo Seco cuts through a spur of the San Rafael 
Hills so that its canyon becomes narrow, with rock walls and bottom 
impermeable to percolating waters. These waters are thus forced 
to the surface — or were before they were intercepted by develop- 
ment work — and appeared as springs. The situation is less favor- 
able here than at Devils Gate because the Monk Hill bed-rock ridge 
deflects much of the ground waters eastward away from Sheep Corral, 
and it is probable that the developments there are supplied in an 
important measure, perhaps almost entirely, by those Arroyo Seco 
flood waters which are absorbed in the wide part of the arroyo which 
lies between Devils Gate and Sheep Corral. At both points sub- 
merged dams have been built to bed rock across the narrow part of 
the arroyo to hold back the underground waters or to force them to 
the surface. (PI. II, B.) 

One of the group of four wells belonging to the East Pasadena 
Land and Water Company on Franklin avenue and California street 
is 736 feet deep, its bottom being almost at sea level. It is nearly 
a mile north of the dike and in its record there is no trace either of 
the sandstone which underlies Raymond Hill or of the crystalline 



U. £. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 219 PL. II 




A. DEVILS GATE. 




B. SUBMERGED DAM ABOVE DEVILS GATE. 



PASADENA BASIN GROUND WATERS. 



53 




01 ^ 







',->-, -J Monk Hill 



Q 



< 



,<> 



rocks which appear in the vicinity of the Sheep Corral springs. Sand, 
clay, and gravel, such as constitute the general basin filling, arc 
reported clear to the bottom of the boring;. _ - N _ 

The deepest well reported in the Pasadena 
neighborhood is one drilled on the Hurlburt 
place near the south end of the city, just east 
of Orange Grove avenue. The depth given is 
1,300 feet, and it is stated that much of this 
distance was bored through ' ' granite. ' ' Details 
are not available, however, and as the well is 
near the western border of the basin, where 
bed rock is to be expected at comparatively 
shallow depths, it has no especial significance. 
A few of the wells drilled near Raymond Hill, 
as for instance Xo. 53, belonging to the Euclid 
Avenue Water Company; No. 448, belonging 
to the Pasadena Land and Water Company, 
and Xo. 449, of the Graves & Bean system, 
reach the shale or sandstone which appears at 
the surface about Raymond Hill, but is buried 
farther east. Other wells drilled farther east 
along the dike, while numerous, are usually 
shallow, do not reveal the existence of bed rock, 
and throw comparatively little light on under- 
ground conditions. If the consolidated sand- 
stone and shale beds continue to form the core 
of the dike in this direction, they lie deeper 
than the drill has yet reached. But the dike 
is none the less efficient as a dam, and even 
in those areas where the only surface outcrops 
are unconsolidated gravels a comparison of the 
water levels above and below its line indicates 
that clays or other impervious materials must 
form its axis. Folds of this character in beds 
which are very recent are not at all unusual in 
this part of the State, and they have an impor- 
tant and significant relation to several of the 
most prominent artesian areas. The San Ber- 
nardino artesian belt, for example, is limited 
on the downstream side by the Bunker Hill 
"dike," an anticline in late clays very similar 
to that which extends eastward from Raymond 
Hill. The great coastal-plain basin also is <^ «j 

limited on its seaward side by a broad broken ridge, which is the 
surface expression of a gentle arch in the coastal-plain sediments. 



I Raymond Dike 



O 



54 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 

All these gentle anticlines are very late features, geologically, and 
are most important factors in the storage and development of Cali- 
fornia ground waters. 

FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. 
EVIDENT EFFECTS. 

It is probable that ground-water levels in the basins of southern 
California were highest in the early nineties, at the end of the decade 
of heavy rainfall which included the exceptional seasons of 1883-84, 
1885-86, 1889-90, and 1892-93. The recurring wet winters of this 
period and the fact that at that time comparatively little develop- 
ment of underground waters had been undertaken, so that there 
was practically no artificial drainage, were favorable conditions for 
raising the saturation level of the sands and gravels. 

The southern California artesian areas occur in the subterranean 
basins wherever a favorable alternation of coarse and fine material, 
a sufficient water supply, and a barrier against which the waters 
can accumulate are found together. These favoring circumstances 
are to be sought along the lower edge of the various basins, nearly 
all of which contain areas that yield such flowing waters. The great- 
est combined area of the artesian water-bearing lands in southern 
California was 375 square miles, and while a very definite date can 
not be fixed for this maximum, it probably occurred in the early 
nineties. By 1904 there had been a contraction of one-third — to 250 
square miles. Much of this contraction was due to the lessened rain- 
fall of the last six or seven years of the nineties, but inasmuch as, 
in some of the basins at least, shrinkage continued during the' four 
years following 1900, when the rainfall throughout southern Cali- 
fornia was about equal to the average, this shrinkage must be attrib- 
uted in part to drainage of the reservoirs by pumping plants and 
artesian wells. 

Ground-water levels in the various basins offer better evidence 
than changes in artesian areas as to the effect of drought and 
development on the level of the- plane of saturation. For certain 
areas outside of the foothill belt such evidence of this character as 
is available has been discussed in preceding reports." It may be 
stated here, however, that records kept by Mr. Neff, near Anaheim, 
indicate that in that particular region the underground waters are 
being drawn out by the numerous pumping plants more rapidly 
than they) are restored by natural processes during years of more 
than average rainfall. A similar conclusion is forced on the student 

a Water-Sup. and Irr. Papers Nos. 137, 138, 139, and 142, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905. 



FLUCTUATIONS IX (iliorXD-WATKI! LEVELS. 55 

of conditions in the San Bernardino Valley, where the artesian basin 
is smaller and somewhat more complete records are available. 

In the fooihill belt no long-continued observations of ground- 
water levels have been made. A series of such observat ions has been 
begun by the United States Geological Survey, and in time they 
will furnish accurate criteria from which to judge the effects of the 
intensive development which the favorable character of the citrus 
lands there has induced. As yet no far-reaching conclusions can be 
drawn from them, but such evidence as they present will be discussed. 

Although in this area continuous measurements on ground-water 
levels are not to be had, certain important facts in the history of 
the artesian belts are available. In the first place it needs to be 
reiterated that various parts of the foothill belt constitute separate 
and independent water basins, and that the fluctuation of the ground- 
water levels in each of these basins depends on local rainfall or con- 
tributing local run-off and local developments, and is not necessarily 
similar to the fluctuation in an adjacent area. Thus the Cucamonga 
Plains east of the San Jose Hills are to be regarded as one province, 
San Dimas Wash as another, the lower San Gabriel basin about 
Elmonte and Bassett as another, the North Pasadena Basin above 
Devils Gate as another, and the lower Pasadena Basin above the 
Raymond Hill "dike" as still another. The developments in some 
of these basins may affect the supply somewhat in others, but this 
effect is on the whole slight. For instance, excess waters from both 
the Pasadena basins and from San Dimas Wash have always drained 
toward the Elmonte basin, and have made small contributions to 
the supply there, but inasmuch as far the greater part of this 
supply comes directly from San Gabriel Canyon, the effect on the 
Elmonte water levels of developments at Devils Gate or San Dimas 
is negligible. A more pronounced effect of this sort is to be observed 
in the result in the San Jose Valley' of developments in the old Palo- 
mares cienaga above Pomona. At a time preceding the settlement 
of the valley San Jose Creek was a summer stream, fed by the waters 
which rose as springs in this cienaga. After the settlement these 
waters were diverted for irrigation, and San Jose Valley was thus 
deprived of a part of its normal supply. Similarly all developments 
in the San Dimas pass about Lordsburg probably affect in a small 
but indeterminable measure the ground-water supply east and west 
of that locality, in areas toward which these waters would drain if 
not disturbed. All of these effects are in part, and some, perhaps, 
are wholly, neutralized by the return waters which seep down from 
the irrigated lands. 

a Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 142, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, pp. 5<M>7. 



56 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 



The principal original artesian areas of the foothill belt were the 
Pasadena Basin, a long, narrow area just above the Raymond u dike;" 
the area 3 miles south of San Gabriel, in which were three or four 
weak flowing wells; the Palomares cienaga, above the eastern point of 
the San Jose Hills; the Del Monte and Martin cienagas, near Clare- 
mont, and the "east" and "west" cienagas, in the Red Hills. Water 
rises to the surface naturally in but two of these areas at present; 
in the others a heavy lift is required to bring it out to the level of 
the heads of the ditches. The effect of development and drought 
here is even more pronounced than that observed in the coastal 
plain or the San Bernardino Valley, where continuous measurements 
of the decline in ground-water levels indicate that drafts at present 
are excessive. In the Palomares cienaga water rose to the surface 
as late as 1900 in some of the stronger wells, and much artesian water 
was available there two or three years before this date. In 1905 
the ground-water level in the heart of the old area of flow was 
35 feet or 40 feet below the surface, and in some of the wells which 
were once artesian the water stood 60 or 70 feet below the surface. 
Tunnels at 50 to 100 feet below the surface now tap the waters of 
the East and West cienagas in the Red Hills district, and the gravity 
flow, even at these levels, is small. 

MEASUREMENTS. 

In order to obtain definite data on these phenomena of changing 
water levels the United States Geological Survey has selected a 
number of wells in various localities for regular measurement. 

WELLS NEAR POMONA. 

In the vicinity of Pomona two wells thus selected belong to the 
Gird group near the east end of the old Palomares cienaga. The 
measurements thus far made are given below. 

Measurements of fluctuation of water level in wells near east end of old Palomares cienaga. 



Date. 



1904 

September 7 

October 6 

November 16 

December 13 

1905 

January 11 

February 20 

March 10 v 

April 14 J 

May 17 

J une 22 

July 20 



Depth to water. 


Well No. 


Well No. 


284. 


299. -1 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 


75 2 


76 2 


75 4i 


77 2 


74 6 


76 5i 


74 3 


76 1\ 


68 10J 


70 5£ 


66 1 


67 8J 


65 11 


67 5J 


63 11 


65 1\ 


62 11 


64 5 


66 8 


68 2 


70 10 


72 8 



Date. 



1905— Continued 

August 16 

September 21 

November 11 

December 20 

1906. 

January 26 

March 14 

May 8 

June 26 

August 1 

September 24 

December 10 



Depth tc 


Well No. 


284 




Ft. 


in. 


71 


11 


73 


5 


70 


4.i 


67 




64 


9 


62 


10 


62 


5 


64 


5 


67 




67 


* 


64 


3J 



Well No. 
299. 



Ft. in. 

73 9 

75 3 

71 5 

68 8 



68 6 

67 4 
62 £ 
65 10 

68 1 
68 3 
65 8 



I LIHTUATIONS IN GR< )T M)-\V A TKK LEVELS. 



57 



These two wells are near together and their measurements arc 
very similar throughout. Each shows a gain between the Septem- 
ber measurements of 1904 and 1905, and a more pronounced gain 
when the water level in September, 1906, is compared with that of 
September, 1905. The period spanned by the measurements includes 
only two high- water dates — May, 1905, and May, 1906 — and a slight 
gain is indicated at the later period, the gain being more pronounced 
in well No. 299 than in its neighbor. Well No. 284 is within 100 feet 
of one of the Gird wells which flowed until 1896. The sharp rise in 
the water plane in these wells between the measurements of Decem- 
ber, 1904, and January, 1905, is probably to be attributed to the ces- 
sation of pumping in the vicinity at this time; and the almost equally 
sharp fall between the May and June measurements of the following 
spring marks the vigorous opening of the summer pumping season. 
If any two dates a year apart are selected in the table, it is seen that 
the water level has risen by amounts ranging from a few inches to as 
much as 7 feet in the interval, so that in this part of the basin the heavy 
rainfall of 1904-5 and 1905-6 has resulted in a marked improvement 
in conditions. As the water level fell at an average rate of 7 to 8 
feet per year during the decade from 1896 to 1906, improvement is 
welcomed. 

A well near the western edge of Pomona, owned by B. Linnas- 
truth (No. 12, Pomona quadrangle), has been measured since Decem- 
ber 19, 1904. The results are as follows: 



Measurements of fluctuation of water level in Linnastruth well, near Pomona. 



Date. 



1904. 
December 14 

1905. 

January 12 

February 21 

April 15 

May 17 

J une 22 

July 21 

September 23 



Depth to || 


water. 


Ft. 


in. 


90 


6i 


90 


9 


91 


1 


91 


5 


91 


64 


92 




92 


10* 


93 


6 



Date. 



1905— Continued 

November 12 

December 21 

1906. 

March 15 

May 9 1 

June 27 

Augnst 2 

September 25 

December 11 



Depth to 
water. 



Ft. in. 
93 4 
93 6 



92 
94 
93 
95 
96 
95 



This well is unfavorably situated, in that it lies below the majority 
of the strong pumping plants of the Pomona neighborhood and away 
from the storm-water channels, so that it gets the full adverse effect 
of heavy pumping and but little of the beneficial effect of the flow 
in the flood channels. The result is that there has been an almost 
uniform slow decline since the beginning of measurements ; the water 
plane in December, 1906, being 4 feet 7\ inches lower than in 
December, 1904. During only four of the thirteen intervals between 
measurements was there any recovery whatever, and the greatest of 



58 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



these, which took place between the May and June measurements, 
1906, registers an improvement of only 1 foot. 



WELLS NEAR SAN DIMAS. 



In the years following 1896 San Dimas Wash attracted attention 
because of the ease with which water could be developed in it, and 
because of its elevation, which made it possible to conduct the water 
by gravity to the citrus lands in the Glendora and Covina neighbor- 
hoods. In 1896, when the first plant wsls installed by J. O. Enell, 
the ground-water level w T as within 44 feet of the surface; but with 
the continued installation of plants and continuous pumping during 
the dry years the water plane was drawn down to about 135 feet in 
1905, and when all the pumping plants are operating, it may be tem- 
porarily lowered below 200 feet in this immediate vicinity. Details 
of this decline are not available. United States Geological Survey 
measurements have been maintained about two T^ars, and they 
indicate that during that time there has been a gratifying improve- 
ment in conditions in the wash, due directly to the increased rain- 
fall within the San Dimas watershed and the consequent added quan- 
tity of water which has been absorbed by the gravels there, and to 
the increase in gravity waters in other near-by canyons. Since 
many of the irrigating systems use pumped water only to augment 
their gravity supply, this increase has greatly reduced the drafts on 
the San Dimas basin by the pumping plants established there. 

One of the wells selected for measurement (No. 246, Pomona quad- 
rangle), belongs to E. Firth, and is situated half a mile west of the prin- 
cipal group of pumping stations and about 50 feet below them. It 
is far enough away from them not to be greatlyaffected by the fluc- 
tuations due to the starting and stopping of pumps, and so records 
the general rise and fall of the ground-water level. The record is as 
follows : 

Measurements of fluctuation of water level in Firth well. 



Date. 



1904. 

September 7 

October 7 

November Iti 

December 13 

1905. 

January 11 

February 20 

March 11 

April 14 

May 17 

June 22 

July 20 



Date Dcpth t0 

iJau - water. 

1905— Continued. Ft. in. 

August 10 105 10 

September 21 1(H) 7 1 , 

November 11 108 l.V 

December 20 .".. 109 1 

1906. 

January 27 107 6j 

March 15 108 2 

MavS I 87 10 

June 20 92 11 

August 1 "114 5 

September 24 97 4.', 

December 10 90 11 



Depth to 


water. 


Ft. 


in. 


110 


(>.', 


111 


7 


113 


2 


113 


11 


114 


N! 


113 


11 


113 


7 


106 


10 


104 


9 I 


104 


4 


105 


6 



« Pumping. 



FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND- WATER LEVELS. 



59 



A comparison of September measurements in this well indicates a 
gain of 4 feet between 1904 and 1905, and a gain of over 9 feet bet \\ een 
1905 and 1906, or a total of 13 feet for the two years. The lowest 
period following the summer of 1904. however, was not reached until 
January, 1905, and that of the succeeding season came in December. 
A comparison of these two dates indicates a gain of somewhat more 
than 5£ feet in the interval. 

If we accept the September measurements of 1904 and 1906, with 
their recorded recovery of 13 feet, as indicating fairly the improve- 
ment in conditions during these two years of heavy rainfall, and re- 
gard the decline between 1896 and 1904 as aggregating about 65 feet, 
the greater part of which took place in the latter part of the interval, 
we reach the conclusion that ten years of rainfall as heavy as that 
of the last two seasons will restore the underground waters to their 
original level. Even during these two years of heavy rainfall, how- 
ever, not all wells in the vicinity exhibit so marked a recovery, as 
is evident from the following record of the Azusa Irrigating Com- 
pany's well (No. 251, Pomona quadrangle): 

Measurements of fluctuations of water level in Azusa Irrigating Company' s well. 



Date. 



October 7 

November 16. 
December 13 . 



1904. 



January 11.. . 
February 20. 

March 11 

April 14. 

May 17 

June 22 

July 20. 



1905. 



August 16 | 96 



Depth to 


water. 


Ft. 


in. 


97 


2 


97 


8 


98 


11 


99 


1 


98 


4 


97 


4 


95 


6 


94 


3 


94 


1 


95 


4 


96 


4 

1 



Date Depth t0 

JJaxe - j water. 

1905— Continued. p, - n 

September 21 ! 97 4 

November 11 98 6 

December 20 99 

1906. 

January 27 97 10 

March 15 97 2 

May 8 93 2 

June26 91 1£ 

August 1 92 4 

September 24 98 1\ 

December 10 100 11 



This well is about one-half mile southwest of the Firth well, is far- 
ther from the storm-water channel and from the big pumping plants, 
and is consequently expected to exhibit less marked fluctuations. 
There was but 1 inch difference between the low-water periods fol- 
lowing the summers of 1904 and 1905; but the low-water period of 
1906 is 1 foot 11 inches below that of the preceding fall. The Sep- 
tember measurement in 1906 shows a loss over that of 1905, and the 
latter a slight loss over the October measurement of 1904. The high- 
water period of June, 1906, however, shows a recovery of 3 feet as 
compared with that of June, 1905. There is a slight net loss in the 
two years of observations, but as measurements are made at consid- 
erable intervals, with a resulting improbability that either the highest 
or the lowest water periods are detected, it may be said in a general 
way that this well is just about holding its own. 



60 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



Two other observation wells (Nos. 144 and 149, Pomona quad- 
rangle), belonging respectively to William Ferry and Sidney Deacon 
and located 1^ to 2 miles southwest of San Dimas, show somewhat 
different results. Their record is given below. 

Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells near San Dim-as. 



Date. 



1904. 

October 7 

November 16 

December 13 



January 11. 
February 21 

March 10 

April 14 

May 17 

June 22..... 

July 23 

August 16.. . 



1905. 



Depth to water. 



Well 

No. 144. 



Ft. in. 
199 8 
199 10 
199 104 



199 . 9* 

199 8" 

199 8| 

200 4 



200 41 
200 6 
200 7 



Well 
No. 149. 



Ft. in. 
124 3 
124 
124 



123 
123 
127 
125 
124 
125 
125 
125 



Date. 



1905— Continued 

September 21 

November 11 

December 20 

1906. 

January 27 

March i5 

May 8 

June 26 

August 2 

September 24 

December 10 



Depth to water. 



Well 

No. 144. 



Ft. in. 
200 7 
201 
201 



201 
201 
201 
201 
201 
201 
202 



Well 
No. 149. 



Ft. in. 
125 7 
126 



124 
124 



124 6 



The water levels in these wells exhibit but little variation, but such 
changes as have taken place have been in the direction of loss, the 
fall measurements of 1905 and 1906 being in each case about 1 foot 
lower than those of the preceding year. In the Deacon well (No. 149) 
the fall measurements for 1906 were interfered with by an abnormal 
rise, probably due to the inflow of surface water; but the 1905 
measurements indicate a loss as compared with those of 1904, and 
the high-water measurements one year apart indicate the same con- 
dition. Both of these wells are some distance from any of the washes 
through which the ground waters are replenished; therefore they 
exhibit but slight monthly and annual fluctuations. The slow wave 
of percolating waters, which starts from the washes in all direc- 
tions through the gravels, with each winter's floods, is very flat 
indeed before it reaches these more distant wells. Its maximum 
height in the Ferry well was 2\ inches, reached in February, 1905. 
In the Deacon well this crest was 10. inches above the low level 
reached during the previous October. 

WELLS NEAR VINELAND. 

Two wells at Vineland, near San Gabriel Wash, show this wave of 
percolating water much more strongly developed. In a case of this 
kind, where the annual fluctuations are violent, long records are 
necessary before accurate conclusions can be drawn. In such short 
records as we now have, general movements of the water plane up 
or down are obscured by the great range of the seasonal fluctuations. 
On the face of these records, however, a distinct net gain is observed. 



FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATER LEVELS. 



61 



Measurements of fluctuations of water level.in wells at Vineland. 



Date. 



Depth to water. 



Well 

No. 87. 



Well 
No. 88. 



December 14. 



1904. 



Ft. in. 
104 1 



Ft. in. 
93 10 



1905. 



January 12 104 6 

February 21 102 10 

.March 10 98 9 

April 15 93 11 

May 17 90 8 

June 22 90 11 

July 21 91 4 

August 16 92 2 

September 20 93 9 



93 
91 

87 
82 
78 
79 
79 
81 
82 



Date. 



1905— Continued. 



November 12. 
December 21 . 



190(5. 



Depth to water. 



Well 
No. 87. 



It. in. 

95 9 

96 7 



January 27 97 



March 15. 

May8 

June 27 

August 1 

September 25 . 
December 11 . 



95 
83 
81 
82 
85 



3 

4 

1J 
11 

11 
10 



wen 

Nil. NN. 



Ft. in. 

84 9 

85 7 



86 
86 
71 
70 
69 
75 
78 



10 
3 

1', 
7" 



The recovery in each of these wells for the two years of observa- 
tion was 7 or 8 feet annually, with a net gain for the period of 15 feet 
3 inches. Not only are the recoveries rapid and of great magnitude, 
but the annual fluctuations exhibit the wide range of 7 to 15 feet. 

WELLS NEAR LORDSBURG. 

Two record wells on the mesa northeast and northwest of Lords- 
burg, belonging to F. H. Massey and Charles Alley (Nos. 67 and 250, 
Pomona quadrangle), are measured regularly. They serve to record 
conditions on these valuable bench lands, where water developments 
have been extensive of late years. 

Measurements of fluctuations of tcater level in wells on bench lands near Lordsburg. 



Depth to water. 



Date. 



1904. 

October 7 

November 16 

December 13 



"Well 
No. 67. 



Well 

No. 250. 



Ft. in. 



199 
199 



1905. 

January 11 19 11 

February 20 199 10^ 

March 11 139 9 

April 14 200 

May 17 199 11 

June 22 199 4 

Jul v 20 , 200 2 

August 16 199 9 



Ft. in. 

145 4 

146 10 
146 10 



146 


9 


147 




147 


6 


147 


7 


«152 




146 


8 


150 


8 


1C0 





Date. 



Depth to water. 



1905— Continued. 



Well 
No. 67. 



Ft. 
200 



in. 



September 21 

November 11 i 202 10 

December 20 200 11 



1S06. 

January 27 

March 15 

May 8 

June 26 

August 1 

September 24 

December 10 



201 


1 


200 


9 


198 


Ah 


197 


6 


196 


5^ 


197 


n 


197 


3h 



Well 

No. 250. 



Ft. in. 
150 11 

152 7 
152 



151 
149 
149 
149 
153 
154 
1.34 



2f 

6 

i 

u 



a Tumping. 



The record of well No. 67 is rather erratic within narrow limits, 
probably because of variations in the pumping in its vicinity, yet gen- 
eral tendencies are discernible. A comparison of the water levels 
during the autumn months of 1904 with a corresponding period in 
1905 indicates a slight loss of 1 to 3 feet, but when the 1905 and 1906 
measurements are compared in the same way a distinct gain of 2\ to 
5 feet is indicated, the net result for the two years being a recovery 
of 1 to 3 feet. 



62 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEEN CALIFOKNIA. 



Well No. 250, over a mile farther northwest and near more large 
pumping plants, shows a decline in both the yearly periods. This 
decline amounted to 5 or 6 feet for the interval between November, 
1904, and November, 1905, but was reduced to 2 or 3 feet for the 
interval from December, 1905, to December, 1906. The net loss in 
this well for the two years is 8 or 9 feet. 



WELLS SOUTHEAST OF POMONA. 



The group of four wells here discussed lies southeast of Pomona, 
toward the Chino artesian belt. In this direction the water plane and 
the land surface gradually approach, until in the artesian belt they 
practically coincide. This fact, as well as the fluctuations of the 
water table, is illustrated by the following measurements: 

Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells southeast of Pomona. 



Date. 



1904. 



September 8 . 

October 6 

November 16 . 
December 13. 



Depth to water. 



Well No. 
177. 



Ft. in. 



88 



January 11... 
February 20.. 

March 10 

April 14 

Mav 17 

June 22 

July 20 

August 16. . . . 
September 20 . 
November 11. 
December 20 . 



1905. 



10 

10i 

10 



88 10 

89 

89 



88 11 



January 26... 

March 14 

May8 

June 26 

August 1 

September 24 . 
December 10. . 



1906. 



90 
90 
90 
90 
90 



Well No. 
201. 



Ft. in. 



89 6 

90 6 

89 7 



92 
92 



58 9| 
60 3 
60 64 



60 10 

61 15 
61 4J 
60 8' 

60 11 

61 1 
a 62 11 

61 6 

61 10 

62 4 
62 5 



Well No. 


181 




Ft. 


in. 


34 


6 


36 


6* 


34 


10 


34 


10 



62 
63 
63 
65 
63 
64 



64 11 



34 9^ 

34 7$ 

«35 2 

32 10 



Well No. 
214. 



Ft. in. 

8 9 

6 64 

3 10 

3 3 



32 
33 
35 
35 
35 
35 
35 



36 
35 
33 
34 
35 
36 
36 



2 


n 


1 


5 


2 




7 


5 


12 


10 


12 


2 


11 


101 


4 


n 


4 


i 


4 


34 


3 


10 


4 


44 


13 


10 


15 


8 


13 


6 


4 


10 



a Pumping. 

Each of the wells of this nroup shows a distinct though usually slight 
decline when corresponding dates one year apart are compared. One 
exception to this general condition appears in the October, 1904, meas- 
urement of well No. 181. No measurements were made in October, 
1905, but the September and November measurements of that year 
indicate a higher water plane than on October 6, 1904. With this 
exception, however, the decline is general. The explanation is prob- 
ably to be sought in the fact that all these wells lie below the Pomona 
dike, above which waters are so extensively pumped that but little of 
the surplus supplied by the heavy rains of 1904-5 and 1905-6 has 
escaped to this area farther south. 

In addition to this general tendency toward shrinkage, exhibited by 
all of the wells, No. 214, very close to the edge of the artesian basin, 



FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND-WATIi; LEVELS. 



ti3 



shows interesting annual fluctuations, which are probably due in part 
to the intense evaporation during the heated term, as well as to pump- 
ing in neighboring wells. From January to May, 1905, the water level 
in this well was but 1J to 2\ feet below the land surface. From June 
to September of the same year it stood at 7 to 12 feet below the sur- 
face. During the heated term, in the dry atmosphere of this district, 
evaporation and capillarity act with great force, and draw the ground 
water from depths of several feet to discharge it as vapor into the air. 
This action is probably more effective in depressing the water table 
where it stood initially close to the surface than the drafts made in 
irrigation during the summer season. 

WELLS NORTHEAST OF POMONA. 

The four wells of which measurements are given in the subjoined 
table are located northeast of Pomona, two of them, Nos. 242 and 300, 
just south of the Santa Fe Railway tracks and three-fourths of a mile 
east of Claremont, and the other two, Nos. 265 and 265a, in the vicin- 
ity of Indian Hill. The buried ridge of red clays and gravels which 
extends eastward and northeastward from the point of the San Jose 
Hills, and whose extent beneath the gray gravels of the surface wash 
is, in a measure, problematical, introduces in the wells of this neigh- 
borhood an element of considerable uncertainty. One well may yield 
a good supply of water, while another near by, which happens to pene- 
trate this older alluvium, will be dr} T ; or the water level may stand 
at a certain elevation in one well and at a much lower or higher point 
in an adjacent well just across a buried ridge or "dike" of these dry 
gravels. There are many illustrations in the area northeast of Pomona 
of erratic conditions of this kind. 



Measurements 


of fluctuations of water level in 


wells northeast of 


Pomona 






Date. 


Depth to water. 




Well 
No. 242. 

Ft. in. 
1.58 5 
156 2 
155 

153 U 
151 1 

150 2 
148 7 


Well 
No. 300. 


Well 
No. 215. 


Well 
No. 2(5a 


October 6 . 


1904. 

• 


Ft. in. 
157 10 
154 34 

153 2\ 

151 5 
149 

147 10 
140 7 


Ft. in. 

62 1 

61 10 

62 2 
62 1 
61 KH 
59 4 
59 li 

57 5" 
57 

59 7 

* 58 6 

58 4* 
57 3 

56 9* 

53 2i 

54 4 

53 3J 

54 1 

• 53 3h 
56 10" 


Ft. in. 


November 16 


40 4h 


December 13 


39 7 


January 11 


1905. 


40 3?, 


February 20 


40 1 


March 10 




3:> 


April 14 




37 


May 17 




147 1 145 1 

148 7 146 5 
150 10 149 8 
150 8 150 8 
152 (..'. 151 4 
152 1 150 8 


37 1 


June 22 




35 5 


July 20... 






August 16 




37 4 


September 21 

November 11 


38 3 
36 3 


December 20.. 


1906. 


149 1 
149 6 






January 26 






March 14 




144 3 




34 3 


May 8 


141 2 
132 4 




32 6 


June 26 




31 6 J 


August 1 


146 8 
149 8', 


147 


31 lij 


September 24 


30 6| 


December 10 


149 8 




33 10', 









64 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 

This group, lying for the most part above the Pomona dike, con- 
trasts in a marked way with the group last discussed, which lies 
entirely below it. The three wells in which continuous measure- 
ments have been maintained for two }^ears all show substantial 
recoveries; but, curiously enough, the recoveries were more marked 
during the first than during the second of the two years. There 
seems to have been no cumulative effect, such as some other wells 
exhibit, in consequence of the two successive years of heavy rainfall. 
The net recoveries, for the period from December, 1904, to December, 
1906, amount to 5 or 6 feet in each well. 

WELLS IN SAN GABRIEL RIVER BASIN. 

The group of five wells here discussed lies west of the San Gabriel 
River in the lower part of the San Gabriel basin. The wells are 
arranged in the table in the order of their distance from the river, 
which is the principal source of the water by which the recharge of 
the basin is effected. In considering these measurements it is well 
to remember that the lower San Gabriel basin has one of the best 
supplies of underground water in this part of the State, and that it 
has not been too heavily drawn upon, as is true of many other moist- 
land areas. The water plane, therefore, was not depressed excess- 
ively during the dry period. Seasonal fluctuations normally are 
not as great in the Elmonte region as at points like Yineland, higher 
up on an alluvial fan, but are greater than at places lower down, 
as in the Paso de Bartolo, for example. The recovery which these 
wells exhibit is regarded rather as a return of the waters to their 
normal levels, and an elimination of the effects of drought, than as a 
replacement of waters withdrawn by development. 

The magnitude of the seasonal variations and the amount of the 
net gain shown in these wells decrease with the distance from San 
Gabriel River. The net improvement, only the December measure- 
ments two years apart being considered, varies from 10 inches in 
well No. 476 to 7 feet 9 inches in well No. 164, and the range of 
annual fluctuations from about 3 feet to 6 or 8 feet. 

In only one of the numerous canals heading in or just above the 
Paso de Bartolo and depending on the waters that rise there has it 
been necessary to install pumping machinery to keep up the supply 
during the dry years through which the country has passed, and 
unless there are further extensive developments above the p^ss the 
supply to these canals, which now receive gravit}^ water, should 
remain sufficient. It is indeed possible that considerable amounts 
of water could be withdrawn from the Elmonte field by pumping 
without interfering with the supply below, because a slight lowering 
of the water plane, where it stands very near the surface, would 
lessen the loss by evaporation from these moist lands during the 



FLUCTUATIONS IN GROUND- WATER LEVELS. 



65 



summer months, and the water thus saved would become available 
for irrigation. It can be saved only by pumping and so depressing 
the surface of saturation. 

Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells iit lower part of San Gabriel basin. 



November 8. 
December 9 . 



January 4 

February 9... 

March 17 

April 12 

May 10 

June 13 

Julv 12 

August 10.... 
September 13. 
November 7.. 
December 18. 



January 24. . . 

March 22 

May 5 

June 25 

July 31 

September 20. 
December 17. 



Date. 



1904. 



190.1 



1906. 



Depth to water. 



Well 
No. 164. 



Well 
No. 478. 



Ft. in. 



21 



21 

20. 

17 

15 

14 

13 

13 

15 

16 

17 

17 



Ft. in. 
22 5 
22 6i 



10 

in 
8 
8 
9 
9 

Ki 
3 



22 


6 


21 


9 


20 


1 


18 


1 


16 


8 


16 


11 


17 





16 


8 


17 

1W 


o 





18 



17 


4 


18 


9* 


15 


4 


17 


3 


12 


8 


14 


4 


11 


9 


12 


9', 


12 


2 


12 


11* 


13 


5* 


14 


1 


13 


8 


14 


75 



Well Well Well 

No. 141. No 476. No. 107. 



Ft. in. 



16 



Ki 
16 
13 
13 
14 
14 
13 
13 
14 
14 
13 



3 



6 
1 

V 

°-A 

4 

1 
9 



13 V, 

12 6 

11 8 

11 5 

11 104 

12 21 
11 9": 



Ft. in. 
21 3 
19 6 



Ft. in. 

72 "ii" 



r. 
o 

3 

4 



20 

20 
19 
18 

17 8 

18 7 

18 11 

19 2 

20 

20 3 

21 3 



19 10 
18 11 



72 
73 
72 
72 

"74 
73 
73 
74 

a 75 



18 
18 
18 

19 
is 



10 

ii 
in 
7 

4 
3 
1 



73 



7rt 2.V 

72 8* 

72 74 

72 8. 

72 3| 

72 1 

71 4 



a Pumping. 



WELLS IN PASADENA BASIN. 

The wells of the next group are in the Pasadena basin above the 
Raymond Hill dike. They are in a region in which there is relatively 
little annual fluctuation, because it is far from the regular flood 
channels and receives its general supply only after it has percolated 
long distances through the gravels. The well of the group which 
exhibits the annual pulsations most clearly is No. 40a, on the Titus 
ranch at Sunny Slope. This well is in the old artesian basin, and 
the annual variations of its water level are probably due, in part at 
least, to summer evaporation, as in the well above Chino. While 
the record of this well is short and somewhat broken, it seems to 
indicate a slight gain. The record of No. 474 is also imperfect, but 
indicates an improvement in conditions. On the other hand, Nos. 
56 and 17 indicate slight net losses for the period spanned by the 
measurements, although a gain of 2 inches appears for the last year 
of the period in Xo. 17. 

47505— irr 219—08 — —5 



66 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



Measurements of fluctuations of water level in wells in Pasadena basin. 



September 2. 

October 5 

November 8. 
December 10. 



January 4 

February 9. . . 

March 17 

April 12 

May 10 

June 13 

July 12 

August 10 

September 13. 
November 7. . 
December 18. 



January 24. 
March 22... 
May 5 



June 25 

Julv 10 

July 31 

September 20. 
December 17. 



Date. 



1904. 



1905. 



1906 



Depth to water. 



Well 

No. 474. 



Ft. 
44 
44 
44 
45 



43 

43 1 

43 

39 11 

39 4 



41 9 



41 
41 



41 



Well 
No. 40a, 



Ft. in. 



13 



Id 



11 
16 
19 

16 



12 10 

10 7 



10 3 

10 

8 4 



Well 
No. 56. 



Ft. in. 

73 3 

73 10 

73 11 

74 6 



18 3 
16 9| 
14 4.i 



73 
73 
73 
74 
74 
75 
75 
75 



74 
74 
74 



Well 
No. 17. 



76 

77 



Ft. in. 
122 4 

122 2.1 
122 7" 
122 6k 



121 
122 
122 
122 
122 
122 
123 
123 
124 
124 
123 



123 3i 

123 2* 

122 11" 

122 8 



123 6£ 
123 10" 

123 lh 



SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF WATER-PLANE MEASUREMENTS. 

The wells wiiich have been selected for measurement within the 
foothill belt are distributed widely over it. They include those favor- 
ably situated in relation to pumped areas and flood channels and 
those less favorably situated. They represent the greater number 
of the important local basins, and are probably to be depended on 
to indicate general conditions fairly. Measurements of 28 of these 
wells have been given in the tables. Fifteen of these show a net- 
gain for the two-year period and 10 show a net loss, while 3 are 
indeterminate because of incomplete measurements. The year from 
September, 1905, to September, 1906, was more effective than the 
preceding year in restoring water levels, as is illustrated by the 
fact that 16 wells showed net gains for 1906, while net losses are 
registered in 10, 2 being indeterminate; whereas only 14 register a 
gain in w r ater levels in 1905, and an equal number show losses. The 
gains, as has been indicated, are in wells situated close to drainage 
lines, and the losses in wells farther away from them. Fortunately 
the pumping plants of the more important systems are thus favorably 
situated, and a majority of them are gainers by the partial restora- 
tion of water levels which has taken place w r ithin the past two years. 
A smaller number are not within the belts that are thus favorably 
situated. 

On the whole, while there has been a definite improvement in con- 
ditions in some of the basins during the period of observations — a 
period of marked excess in rainfall — the fact that water levels have 



IRRIGATION BNTBRPBISBS. 67 

continued to decline steadily in others, when conditions are so favor- 
able for recovery, indicates excessive drafts in these latter localities 
at least. The general conclusion reached two years ago, that there 
are serious overdrafts on the ground water-basins, seems to be sup- 
ported fully by the more abundant evidence now available. 

IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 

INTRODUCTION. 

In 1888 Wm. Ham. Hall, State engineer of California, published his 
volume on ''Irrigation in Southern California." This work included 
an account of the organization and engineering features of practically 
all the irrigation enterprises in existence in the southern part of the 
State at that time. The work has been extremely useful to all who 
have desired to gain a general idea of irrigation development in this 
part of the State. In the foothill belt many enterprises have been 
organized since the publication of Hall's work, and the conditions 
under which some of the older ones operate have been altered by 
reorganization and otherwise. Especially important have been the 
development of ground waters and the organization of companies 
for this purpose, or the extension of the functions of older gravity 
companies to enable them to utilize ground waters. 

It has seemed worth while to present with this volume an account of 
the more important irrigating companies now operating in the foothill 
belt. For the earlier history of those enterprises which had been 
organized before 1888, Hall's volume has been consulted. For devel- 
opments since, including the organization of new companies as well 
as changes in the older ones, various sources of information have been 
utilized, but in the majority of cases officers of the companies them- 
selves have been consulted. 

In the collection of tins material the writer desires to acknowledge 
Iris indebtedness to Mr. W. X. White, field assistant, who gathered 
much the greater part of the information. Acknowledgments are 
due also to many engineers, not all of whom it is possible to mention. 
Mr. T. t). Allin and Mr. E. T. Wright have been consulted especially. 

In presenting this material the plan followed has been to discuss 
the companies in the order of their distribution from east to west 
along the foothill belt. Those first described, therefore, are the 
Cucamonga enterprises, and those last described are the companies 
operating in Verdugo Canyon . 

ETIWANDA WATER COMPANY. 

The Etiwanda Water Company controls the waters of Day and 
Etiwanda canyons and utilizes these waters in the irrigation of about 
1,200 acres of the Etiwanda colony lands, lying from \\ to 4 miles 
north of the Santa Fe Raiiwav at West Etiwanda station. The 



68 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

rights of the company date back to a number of filings by George Day 
and others from 1867 to 1873. These rights were afterwards consol- 
idated, passed through several transfers, and have been confirmed 
in a number of suits. 

The present company was organized by George and W. B. Chaffey 
in 1882. It is capitalized at $500,000, divided into 5,000 shares at 
a par value of $100 each: 2,300 shares have been issued, and the 
present market value is reported to be about $35 per share. The 
shares are not appurtenant to the land, but 90 per cent of them are 
held by irrigators, of whom there are about 75 in the colony. 

As the colony lands were originally sold, one share of stock in the 
water company was transferred with each acre of land, and each 8 
shares of stock entitled the owner to 1 miner's inch of water. It is 
customary to deliver the water monthly in 36-inch heads to each 
10-acre tract, this giving approximately the usual duty of 1 inch to 
8 acres, at a cost to the irrigators of $1.45 per acre annually. 

The water is brought from the canyons through H miles of V- 
shaped wooden flume and 2 miles of 10 and 12 inch pipe to a dis- 
tributing box at the head of the colony lands. Below the distributing 
box are about 20 miles of 7 to 10 inch pipe, through which the water 
is conducted to the individual holdings. The reported cost of the 
pipe system is $23,000. There are no auxiliary- wells, as in the case 
of many modern irrigation systems in southern California, ground 
waters beneath the Etiwanda district being too deep for profitable 
development. 

Citrus fruits and grapes are the principal crops grown. 

Only a few measurements of the flow from Day and Etiwanda 
canyons are available. These are quoted from " Irrigation in South- 
ern California," by Win. Ham. Hall. 

Flotc measurements in Day and Etiwanda canyons. 

Miner's inches. 

September 1, 1882 224. 5 

July 15, 1884 (noon) 211 

July 15, 1885 (7 a. m.) , 170 

August, 1885 > . . . 50 

July 15, 1887 _ . . ' 189 

July 15, 1888 "35(5 

July 16, 1888 • >> 421. 31 

August, 1888 150 

HERMOSA WATER COMPANY. 

The next important irrigating enterprise along the foothills west of 
Etiwanda is that of the Hermosa Water Company. Lying along the 
slope, 3 miles from Etiwanda and about 1 mile north of Cucamonga, 

a 28 miner's inches considered a« developed water. 
b Calculated from slope and section of flume. 



I 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 69 

the Hermosa tract originally embraced 480 acres of land, upon which 
the waters of Deer Canyon and its tributaries arc used. 
The Hermosa Water Company was organized by owners of realty 

who had purchased lands and undivided interests in the waters of 
Deer Canyon from Adolph Petch or from the Hermosa Land and 
Water Company, organized by Petch in 1882. The water company 
was incorporated in October, 1887, with a capital stock of $192,000, 
divided into 1,920 shares with a par value of $100 per share. Four 
shares of stock were issued to each acre of the original tract, and each 
owner received a share of the available water proportional to his 
holdings of stock and acreage. 

For many years the canyon How was sufficient for the needs of the 
colony, but after the dry years of the late nineties the supply from 
the mountains so diminished in volume that it became necessary to 
augment it from some other source. In 1901 the company pur- 
chased 80 acres of land from the Cucamonga homestead, one-half 
mile north and west of the Hermosa tract, sunk a well on this property, 
and installed a pumping plant (No. 56, Cucamonga quadrangle). 

The water from Deer Canyon and its branches, Calamity and 
Hermosa canyons, is collected by means of about 4 miles of 2-, 3-, and 
4-inch pipe, and carried out of the canyon and down the slope, a dis- 
tance of nearly 4 miles, through an 8-inch cement main, to a reser- 
voir at the head of the colony lands. Just below the mouth of the 
canyon a branch pipe from Alder Canyon joins the main line. The 
company is entitled to the water of Alder Canyon up to 20 miner's 
inches. The upper part of the main-canyon conduit, which was 
originally an open flume, has been replaced by an 18-inch cement 
pipe. Delivery from the reservoir to the lands of the irrigators is 
made through 4- and 8-inch pipe. 

The summer flow from Deer Canyon and its branches varies with 
the rainfall of the previous winter. The company reports that in 
July, 1903, it received 70 inches 'of mountain water, an average of 45 
inches through the irrigating season of 1904, and 80 inches in August. 
1905. Pumped water is used as an auxiliary to the canyon flow. 
During the season of 1902 the plant, consisting of a 20-horsepower 
gas engine and Ames Fulton pump with a capacity of 30 miner's 
inches, was in operation one hundred and forty days consecutively. 
During the season of 1903, following a wet winter, the flow from the 
canyon supplied the needs of the company and the pumping plant 
was not used. Again during the summer of 1904 mountain water 
was short in quantity, and pumped water was used freely in making 
up the deficiency. 

The water supply is divided into heads and distributed to the 
irrigators in rotation every twenty-four days. The time given to 
each irrigator varies with his holdings of stock. A man owning 40 



70 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

shares is given twenty-four hours' run of a half head every twenty- 
four days. 

The cost of operating and maintaining the system is prorated 
among the stockholders according to the proportion of stock held 
by each, the annual cost of water varying with the volume of pumped 
water used. The actual cost of pumping a 30-inch head for twenty- 
four hours is $5.25 under present conditions. The only expense 
attached to the delivery of canyon water is the cost of keeping the 
pipe lines in repair, the secretary's annual salary of $50, and the 
zanjero's fees. The average cost of all water used, gravity and 
pumped, during the past four seasons, is reported to have been $5.75 
per acre per annum. There are 40 irrigators in the colony, and at 
the present time about 500 acres are supplied with water. The com- 
pany owns 1,200 acres of land in Deer and Calamity canyons, which 
were homesteaded by stockholders and deeded to the company in 
order to protect its water rights there. 

The company's investment is as follows: Pumping-plant site, 80 
acres, $4,900; reservoir site, 2\ acres, $125; pipe system and reser- 
voir $4,000; well and pumping plant, $3,300; total, $12,325. 

The right to use the water for power purposes, reserved by the 
promoters at the time the land and water rights were sold, is now 
held by the company. 

IOAMOSA WATER COMPANY. 

The Ioamosa tract, in which there are 500 acres of irrigated land, 
lies about 1 mile north and west of the Hermosa colony. The lands 
are a part of the old Cucamonga Homestead Association's property, 
and the water with which they are supplied comes entirely from 
Cucamonga Canyon and belongs in part to the Cucamonga Develop- 
ment Company. 

The Ioamosa Water Company was incorporated in 1883, with a 
capitalization of $50,000, divided into 500 shares, with a par value of 
$100 per share. The company holds title to ^W °f the surface and 
developed flow of Cucamonga Canyon and leases the balance of all 
water derived from that source from the Cucamonga Development 
Company- at a yearly rental of $500. The water procured by diversion 
of the surface flow and by 700 feet of tunnel intended to intercept the 
underflow is brought to the mouth of the canyon through a 30-inch 
conduit 3,400 feet long. Thence it is taken diagonally across the 
slope in a southeasterly direction in a 12- and 8-inch cement line to a 
small reservoir at the upper end of the colony lands. Below the reser- 
voir about 2 miles of 8-inch vitrified and 6-inch iron pipe have been 
laid for delivering the water to the irrigators. 

It is reported that from 10 to 40 inches are developed in the tunnel, 
while the total flow, natural and developed, is said to vary from 30 






H6RIGATI0N ENTEBPBISBS. 1 L 

to 100 inches. The duty of water in the colony is reputed to be I 
miner's inch for each 7\ acres, distributed in two 40-inch heads, 
twice each month to each 20-acre lot. Twenty-three irrigators are 
supplied, and the cost of water is about $2 per acre per year. 

CUCAMONGA LANDS AND CUCAMONGA WATER COMPANY. 

What are known as the Cucamonga lands are situated in the 
western portion of San Bernardino County, between the San Ber- 
nardino base line and the Southern Pacific Railroad, which is about 
4 miles distant on the south. They extend eastward about 4 miles 
from the Ontario colony lands and Cucamonga Wash, and include 
in the aggregate between 8,000 and 9,000 acres, about one-third 
of which is irrigated, while another one-third is cultivated as vine- 
yard but is not under irrigation. 

The well-known Red Hills, famous as water-bearing lands, lie in 
the northwest corner of the Cucamonga tract, and the develop- 
ments in and adjacent to these hills supply the water used for irri- 
gation in the Cucamonga district and a portion of that used farther 
west by the San Antonio system. 

The Cucamonga Water Company, which at present supplies nearly 
all of the water used in the district, was incorporated in December 
1887, by certain members of an older organization called the Cuca- 
monga Fruit Land Company. This company owned all the waters 
flowing from the "West cienaga," the moist lands west and north 
of the Red Hills, and one-half of the waters flowing from the "East 
cienaga," a similar area lying in and northeast of the Red Hills. 
At that time the total amount of water thus owned was between 
250 and 300 miner's inches. The other half of the east-side waters 
belonged to the Cucamonga Vineyard Association, and a total of 
about 400 acres was under irrigation by both organizations, the 
Vineyard Association being the heaviest water user. 

In addition to these rights there were certain obligations out- 
standing against the Fruit Land Company. The "Class A" rights 
comprised 33.84 miner's inches due a certain group of "old settlers." 
The "Class B" rights comprised 67.75 miner's inches due another 
group of "old settlers," who had signed agreements to accept 1 
miner's inch of water for each 10 acres of land owned by them. 
Other obligations constituting classes "C" and "D" were agree- 
ments to furnish water, by a company to be formed later, to lands 
which had been sold earlier by the Fruit Land Company. Some- 
thing more than 300 inches was conveyed under these two classes. 

All of the Fruit Land Company's rights to waters that were then 
flowing, all of its lands which were then recognized as water-bearing 
lands, and all of its obligations were conveyed to the Cucamonga 
Water Company at the time of its organization in 1887, and in 



72 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN GALIFOENIA. 

addition the older company contracted to develop and deliver to 
the purchasing company enough water to fulfill all of the obliga- 
tions which had been conveyed with the rights in the deed. 

In fulfillment of the terms of this contract, the Fruit Land Com- 
pany, during the years 1888, 1889, and 1890, expended from $75,000 
to $100,000 in developing water by sinking wells and driving tun- 
nels, so that when measurements were made in July, 1890, it was 
found that about 500 inches of gravity water, in part natural flow 
and in part the result of the development work, belonged to the 
Cucamonga Water Company. This amount was more than enough 
to satisfy the rights outstanding at that time. 

During the dry period which followed, the flow from these 
various sources decreased, until in 1899 only 190 inches of gravity 
water were available, and the water company was forced to aug- 
ment its supply by pumping from the Lone Star Springs above the 
base line. During this year the Fruit Land Company bored a deep 
well on the lands which it still held on the west side but which, 
at the time of the transfer of its rights to the Cucamonga Water 
Company, had not been recognized nor classified as water-bearing 
lands and were therefore not included in the transfer. This well 
at first yielded 100 inches of water, and at about the time of its 
development the Fruit Land Company contracted to deliver to the 
San Antonio Water Company 100 inches of water for $100,000. 
Suit was brought by certain stockholders of the Cucamonga Water 
Company against both the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company and 
the San Antonio Water Company to prevent the consummation of 
the sale, but judgment was rendered in 1900 against them and the 
sale was confirmed. During the summer of 1900 the control of the 
Cucamonga Water Company passed into the hands of the stock- 
holders who had brought this suit, through the purchase of out- 
standing stock, and they also bought of the Cucamonga Fruit Land 
Company an interest in all the lands still owned by that company 
that could be regarded as water bearing on the east and west sides 
of the Red Hills. 

Since 1900 three or four wells have been put down, the tunnel 
has been extended, and a pumping plant known as the Lone Star 
system has been installed, so that stockholders have received their 
full quota of water, although gravity water has constantly de- 
creased. This decrease has been particularly marked in the Y 
tunnel and in the creek near the old Cucamonga Hotel that drains 
the original East cienaga. It is stated that the original supply 
from these sources was from 150 to 500 inches of water, and that 
now (1906) it is less than 5 inches. The Cucamonga Water Com- 
pany regards this decrease as due to the battery of wells and pumps 
installed by the San Antonio Water Company north and west of 






IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 73 



the Red Hills and used extensively as an adjunct to the San Antonio 
system. Suit has therefore been brought against the San Antonio 
Company to prevent pumping from these wells and to recover 
damages for property claimed to have been destroyed through 
this pumping. This suit was still in the courts in 1906. 

When the Cucamonga Water Company was organized, in 1887, 
its capital was fixed at $100,000, divided into 10,000 shares at $10 
per share. One share, representing one-tenth of a miner's inch of 
water continuous flow, was to be distributed with each acre of land 
sold. In 1901 or 1902, when a consolidation of interests was effected 
by the purchase of stock and rights owned by the Cucamonga Fruit 
Land Company and others, the capital stock was increased to $100 
per share and bonds to the value of $250,000 were issued. Although 
the capitalization of the company was effected on the basis of 10,000 
shares, the issue of stock has been controlled by the quantity of 
water available, not more than 10 shares being distributed for each 
inch of water owned, the amount of the water being determined 
b} T measurements made on July 15 of each year. The greatest 
amount of stock outstanding at any time was 4,500 shares, and this 
has been reduced by purchase to less than 3,000 shares. 

In addition to the rights and lands which have been referred to, 
the company owns a number of tunnels, wells, and reservoirs, con- 
structed generally by the Cucamonga Fruit Land Company in ful- 
fillment of the contract entered into by it at the time of the organi- 
zation of the Cucamonga Water Company. The west side or Eddy 
tunnel is one of these structures. It was originally a timbered 
tunnel, 3,600 feet long, but the timbering has been replaced by a 
30-inch concrete pipe line. The charges for the maintenance of 
this line are shared with the San Antonio Water Company, w^hich 
also uses it, the proportion of water in the tunnel belonging to each 
company determining the proportion of the running expenses borne 
by each. The east side or Y tunnel, just east of the old Cucamonga 
Hotel, also belongs to the Cucamonga W T ater Company, and, like 
the Eddy tunnel, has been replaced by a concrete pipe line. At 
the head of each arm of the Y is a well, but since 1903 this work 
has yielded no water. A third tunnel. 3,000 feet in length and 
running northwest from the center of sec. 3, on Hellman avenue, 
extends through a 35-acre tract belonging to the Cucamonga Water 
Company and into the Lone Star tract. Eight or ten artesian wells 
discharge into this tunnel, but the greater part of the water which 
it yields is supplied by the upper well of the Lone Star group. In 
addition to these development works the company owns an ade- 
quate distributing system, which includes three reservoirs and 20 
or 25 miles of iron pipe that serves all of the lands under irrigation. 



74 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

All of the water distributed is delivered under pressure in 30-inch 
heads, each 10 shares of stock entitling the holder to a flow of 30 
inches for one day in each month. 

The fixed charges of the company, comprising the interest charges 
on the bond issue, amount to $15,000 annually. The maintenance 
charges amount to about $6,000 per year, and these expenses are 
met by annual assessments on the stock of $10 or less per share. 

OLD SETTLERS WATER COMPANY. 

The Old Settlers Water Company was organized by stockholders 
of the old Cucamonga Fruit Land Company, who held rights to 
33.84 inches of the surface flow of the Red Hills East cienaga. When 
this cienaga ceased to flow, because of the dry years and the draft 
on the underflow caused by the tunnels, and pumping plants in the 
vicinity, these irrigators found it necessary also to resort to pump- 
ing. With this purpose in view the present company was incor- 
porated June 21, 1902, and capitalized at $33,840, divided into 
33,840 shares of $1 par value each. Land was purchased three- 
fourths of a mile north of Cucamonga, a well wsls sunk, and a pump- 
ing plant, consisting of an 18-horsepower gas engine and an Addison 
deep-well pump, was installed (No. 53). This plant pumps about 
33 inches of water. The distributing system consists of 1^ miles 
of 6-inch and 1 mile of 8-inch concrete and vitrified pipe. Two 
hundred and seventy acres are irrigated and the water is delivered 
in 33-inch heads in rotation, every thirty days, on the basis of 1 
inch constant flow to 8 acres. The cost is $10 per acre per annum. 
The water is not appurtenant to the land, but stock is held exclu- 
sively by irrigators. Oranges and deciduous fruits are raised. 

SUNSET WATER COMPANY, 

The Sunset Water Company was incorporated January 10, 1901, 
with a capital stock of $60,000, divided into 2,400 shares, all of which 
have been issued. The company was organized by stockholders of 
the Cucamonga Water Company for the purpose of increasing their 
water supply. Thirty acres were purchased in the water-bearing 
lands northeast of the Red Hills, where a well was sunk and equipped 
with machinery for pumping. The pumping plant (No. 54, Cuca- 
monga quadrangle) consists of a 14-horsepower motor and a Gar- 
rett pump, and has a capacity of 30 inches. The water is raised to 
the level of a discharge tunnel 30 feet below the ground level at the 
well, and brought to the surface through the tunnel, 1,000 feet below 
the plant. From this point the water is distributed to the lands 
of the irrigators through 3 J miles of steel pipe 4 to 12 inches in diame- 
ter. In practice about 1 inch to 10 acres is used, though there is no 
restriction on the amount that may be used. Six hundred acres are 



[RBIGATION ENTERPRISES. 75 

partially irrigated. The water is distributed in 30-inch heads month I \ 
The cost to the irrigators is $10 for a twenty-four-hour run of 30 inches. 
During the three seasons preceding the spring of 1904 the water level 
in the company's wells declined 4 to 6 feet annually, and with the low- 
ering of the water plane the capacity of the plant has dropped from 42 
to 30 inches. The plant is in operation about six months of each year. 

ONTARIO COLONY AND SAN ANTONIO WATER COMPANY. 

HISTORY OF RIGHTS. 

The Ontario colony occupies lands lying immediately west of Cuca- 
monga Wash and extending in a strip 1 to 3 miles wide from the mesa 
at the foot of the San Antonio Mountains down the slope for a distance 
of about 6 miles. On the west the upper part of the colony tract is 
separated from the Claremont and Pomona irrigating districts by 
San Antonio Wash, and the lower part of the tract adjoins lands that 
are covered by the Del Monte Irrigating Company of Pomona. On 
the east Cucamonga Wash lies between the colony lands and those of 
the Cucamonga irrigators. 

About 5,000 acres are under irrigation in the Ontario district. 
Gravity water is supplied to the tract from San Antonio Canyon and 
from the Cucamonga tunnel in the water-bearing lands of the Red 
Hills, which lie to the east of the colony, midway between North 
Ontario and Cucamonga. The canyon and tunnel now is supple- 
mented by pumped water derived from wells north of the Red Hills 
on the east and from the neighborhood of Claremont and Indian Hill 
on the west. 

By far the greater part of the water supplied to the colony is owned 
and distributed by the San Antonio Water Company. The Ontario 
Water Company is an adjunct organization, whose stockholders 
belong to the San Antonio Water Company but pump independently 
in case of a shortage. Several hundred acres lying west of North 
Ontario are supplied with pumped water by the plants of the Upland, 
Mountain View, and Canyon Ridge water companies. 

The San Antonio Water Company is a mutual company, one of the 
early organizations of its kind in the State. Stockholders are owners 
of realty, and water can not be delivered by the company to others 
than stockholders. The company was incorporated in October, 1882, 
by the Messrs. Chaffee, who owned the water rights on the east side of 
San Antonio Canyon, and these rights, together with diversion works, 
conduits, and pipe system, were later transferred to the San Antonio 
Water Company. This company was organized with a capital stock 
of $1,500,000, divided into 15,000 shares of a par value of $100 each; 
6,064 'shares have been issued. In 1882, by agreement between the 
Chaffees and the Pomona Land and Water Company, which owned 



76 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

water rights on the west side of the canyon, the surface flow at a 
point about 1 mile above the mouth of the canyon was divided 
equally, and a joint diversion dam was constructed. About 1896 the 
San Antonio Water Company acquired what was known as the Gird 
or Dexter interest in the canyon, consisting of several hundred acres 
of land, together with a prior right to 20 miner's inches of water. In 
1897 the San Antonio Water Company and the Pomona Land and 
Water Company entered into an agreement by which the latter con- 
veyed to the San Antonio Water Company all of its interests in the 
canyon, in return for which the San Antonio company agreed that 
whenever the total flow in the canyon was 624 inches or less the 
Pomona company was to receive one-half, and that all water in excess 
of 624 inches should belong to the San Antonio company. After 
entering into the above agreement the San Antonio company began 
to divert the 20 inches of Gird or Dexter water, piped it past the 
division dam, and continued this diversion for five years, when suit 
was brought by the Pomona Land and Water Company; but Janu- 
ary 6, 1905, Judge Allen rendered a decision in which he held that 
the San Antonio company had acquired a good title to this water. 

In 1902-3 the Ontario Power Compaq laid a conduit from the 
south line of sec. 36, T. 2 N., R. 8 W., diverted the canyon flow at 
that point, and piped the water along the west side of the canyon to 
a point on the hills above the division dam and constructed a power 
plant. This conduit is a 30-inch cement line, except where iron pipe 
is used in inverted siphons in crossing side canyons. It is laid partly 
in trenches and partly through tunnels. For a year previous to the 
laying of the conduit careful measurements were taken by expert 
hydraulic engineers at the south line of sec. 36 and at the division 
dam 3 miles below, and it was determined that 19 per cent of the 
water was lost from the natural flow of the canyon stream between 
the two points. After the completion of the conduit by which 
this loss was prevented, the Ontario Power Company laid claim to 
and appropriated 20 per cent of the flow of the canyon as salvage. 
This claim was subsequently disallowed by the courts, which ruled 
that the Pomona irrigators were entitled to one-half of the saving 
effected through the higher diversion of the Ontario Power Company. 

It became apparent in the early days of the colony that there would 
not be sufficient surface water from San Antonio Canyon to supply all 
of its requirements, and steps were taken to procure additional water 
from other sources. In January, 1883, .a tunnel was begun in the 
gravel bed of the canyon about 1 mile above its mouth; it was gradu- 
ally extended during the succeeding years, and completed about 1889. 
This tunnel has a sectional area of 3J by 6J feet. It is 3,000 feet in 
length and is reported to have cost about $50,000. The upper 600 
feet penetrates bed rock below the wash material of the creek, the 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 77 

bottom at the upper extremity being 110 feet below the bed of the 
creek. F. E. Trask reported the average July output from this tun- 
nel for 15 years previous to 1903 as 116 miner's inches. B. C. Shep- 
herd, secretary of the company, states that the flow varies from 50 to 
150 inches and averages about 75 inches during the irrigating season. 
The creek waters and the San Antonio tunnel waters are brought 
together in the main ditch about 500 feet below the mouth of the 
tunnel. 

West of the Red Hills, in what is known as the West cienaga, a 
tunnel 3,600 feet in length was constructed by the Cucamonga Fruit 
Land Company for the Cucamonga Water Company in the late 
eighties. This tunnel, which has since been extended to 4,000 feet or 
more in length, is known as the Eddy or Cucamonga tunnel. Some 
time after its construction the San Antonio Water Company acquired 
water-bearing lands in the West cienaga, a 20-foot right of way, and 
one-half interest in the carrying capacity of the tunnel. In 1889 a 
22-, 24-, and 30-inch cement pipe was laid from the division box at 
the mouth of the tunnel to North Ontario, and connected with the 
system there. Several wells were sunk along the upper course of 
the tunnel, and cut to flow into it at depths of 90 to 110 feet from 
the surface. It is known that one of these wells (No. 80, Cucamonga 
quadrangle) was flowing in 1905, and it is supposed that others were 
flowing then, but this could not be ascertained. The w^ater from 
this tunnel, which belongs in part to the Cucamonga Water Com- 
pany, is apportioned in a division box at the mouth of the tunnel, 
and is conducted thence to the distributing systems of the owning 
companies. Of the Ontario companes' share of the Cucamonga tun- 
nel gravity water, the San Antonio Water Compairy receives the first 
130 inches and the Ontario Power Compairy the balance. The aver- 
age flow received by these tw T o companies during the irrigating season 
has been reported as 150 miner's inches. 

Previous to 1893 the canyon and tunnel water had been nearly suf- 
ficient for the needs of the colony. Beginning at about that time, 
several dry years followed in succession, causing a decline in the 
can} T on flow and an extreme shortage of water. As the necessit}^ for 
more water became pressing, the company sought relief through the 
further development of underground waters, which had been begun in 
a small way in the Del Monte cienaga in 1889. Nine hundred and 
fifty acres of land were purchased east of the colony, north of Six- 
teenth street above the Cucamonga Red Hills, and in 1898 a well was 
sunk (No. 75, Cucamonga quadrangle), a pumping plant installed, 
and 16- and 20-inch vitrified pipe laid to connect with the canyon 
distributing system. At various times since then four additional 
plants have been installed on this property, the last in 1904. Water 
rights have also been acquired on the adjoining Rubio property, where 



78 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

a plant has been installed, and still farther east two other wells, known 
as the Haskell wells, have been purchased and equipped with pump- 
ing plants. 

In all, the San Antonio Water Company owns and operates eight 
plants (Nos. 73-79, Cucamonga quadrangle) in the Red Hills dis- 
trict, with a combined pumping capacity of 450 inches. The wells 
are seldom pumped to their full capacity, and the output varies with 
the needs of the colony and the fluctuations in the gravity flow from 
San Antonio Canyon and tunnel and the Cucamonga tunnel. 

In addition to these more important Sixteenth street and Red 
Hills wells, the company has four wells, two of which are equipped 
with pumping plants, in the old Del Monte cienaga, near Claremont. 
The output of the two wells pumped in this field is given as 75 miner's 
inches. In the operation of these wells, electric power supplied by 
the adjunct corporation, the Ontario Powder Company, is used. 
This power succeeds the gas and steam engines which were used in 
the early pumping operations. 

In 1898 the company acquired the Bodenhammer well (No. 88, 
Cucamonga quadrangle) and a tunnel located along the west line of 
the colony lands, about 1J miles below the mouth of San Antonio 
Canyon. Since the well was sunk and the tunnel driven the water 
plane in this vicinity has dropped many feet below the tunnel level. 

The San Antonio company also owns 1 mile of tunnel, which was 
driven into the mesa at the foot of the mountains just west of Cuca- 
monga Wash. This work is reported to have cost $80,000. There 
is no summer yield during dry years, but in winter a moderate 
amount flows froui the tunnel. 

PIPE LINES AND CONDUITS. 

The Ontario colony is piped throughout with carrying lines, con- 
structed principally of cement and vitrified clay, and ranging from 
8 to 40 inches in diameter. Distributing mains and diagonals have 
been laid in such a manner that the supply from the various sources 
can be readily shifted to different parts of the tract. Water in the 
pipes is not under pressure, but the onward flow is partially cut off 
by gates which hold the water and cause it to rise to the top of a 
short standpipe or turn-out, placed at the highest point of each 10- 
acre lot. Domestic water is carried from these turn-outs through 
iron pipes to the homes of the irrigators. 

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. 

Theoretically the San Antonio Water Company delivers 1 miner's 
inch of water to each 10 acres on each 10 shares of stock. In practice 
the available supply is prorated to the stock and a twenty-four-hour 



IRRIGATION ENTEBPRISBSi 7 ( J 

run is given each 10 acres monthly, but the size of the irrigating head 
varies with the water supply, though the average is about 30 inches. 
During the irrigating season of 1905, succeeding a winter of excessive 
rainfall with a large canyon flow, the company expected to deliver 
40-inch heads throughout the season. 

ANNUAL COST. 

The average cost of operating and maintaining the system of the 
San Antonio Water Company is $60,000 per annum, and the average 
cost per acre varies from $10 to $12. Funds for meeting obligations 
in the shape of interest, sinking fund, maintenance, and expenses 
are derived from assessments on the stock. A part of the floating 
indebtedness was paid off during 1904, and total assessments of $25 
per acre were levied that year. Other payments were made in 1905, 
and an assessment of $20 per acre was collected. 

ONTARIO WATER COMPANY. 

The Ontario Water Company was organized in 1900 by stock- 
holders of the San Antonio Water Company who did not hold enough 
stock in that company to insure them a sufficient water supply in 
years of light rainfall. The organization was effected on the basis 
of a capitalization of $100,000, divided into 1,000 shares with a par 
value of $100 each. In 1905 six hundred and twenty shares had been 
issued, 495 to irrigators and 125 to nonresidents, and the market 
value was reported by the company's officers to be $50 per share. 

In 1900 a tract of 134 acres lying east and south of Indian Hill 
was purchased at a cost of $34,000. Six wells were at on cesunk on 
the tract and a pumping plant was installed, the expenditures for 
these purposes being $10,000. The plant consists of a 70-horsepower 
steam engine and a Smith- Vaile air compressor, by which all the 
wells which lie within a radius of 600 feet of the plant may be pumped. 
The water, about 70 miner's inches, is conducted through a 14-inch 
line about 3 miles in length to the tract owned by the stockholders. 
This tract lies about 1 mile southwest of Upland. As the water is 
used as an auxiliary to the canyon supply, it is necessaiy to pump 
only during the summer months, and not then if the flow from the 
canyon is large. The plant was in operation during four months in 
1900, 1901, and 1902, but was not used in 1903. 

The water is distributed in 30-inch heads and is prorated to stock- 
holders according to their interest. The cost of the water is given 
at 67^ cents per hour for a 30-inch head: that is, 2| cents per hour- 
inch. 

In order to carry out the necessary improvements for developing 
and distributing the waters, bonds amounting to $25,000 were issued 



80 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

in July, 1900. Two thousand dollars of these bonds fall due annually 
for ten years, beginning with 1906, and $1,000 each year thereafter 
until they are paid. 

POMONA IRRIGATION. 
RIGHTS. 

The nourishing district about Pomona and Claremont derives its 
irrigating water from San Antonio Canyon and from numerous wells 
and pumping plants that have been installed, mainly in the old 
cienaga lands in the vicinity of Claremont and about the eastern 
point of the San Jose Hills. (See PI. I, C, D, p. 8.) 

The rights to the flowing waters of the canyon date back to Ignacio 
Palomares, one of the earl} r owners of the San Jose rancho, and to 
N. Alvarado, a squatter on this tract. Both of these men built 
ditches from San Antonio Creek and acquired rights to its waters. 
These rights were subsequently transferred to American purchasers 
and have been subject to adjustment as between the Pomona and 
Ontario users, the former holding the old rights to the west-side 
waters from San Antonio Canyon, and the latter to the east-side 
waters. As the matter stands at present, the San Antonio Water 
Company, supplying Ontario and vicinity, and owners of the earliest 
right on the stream, the Gird or Dexter right, are entitled to the first 
20 miner's inches flowing from the canyon. After this amount is 
taken out, the remainder is divided equally between the east-side 
and west-side users, until it exceeds 624 inches. All of the flow in 
excess of this amount belongs to the San Antonio Company, repre- 
senting the east-side ownership. The Pomona users may there- 
fore receive not to exceed 312 miner's inches of this water, and will 
receive less than that if the canyon flow falls below 644 inches. 

CANYON WATER COMPANY OF POMONA. 

About 83 of these 312 inches (or a proportional amount of a smaller 
flow of canyon water) belong to lands lying in the north Palomares 
and Martin tracts ; the remainder of the flow belongs to the Loup & 
Meserve tract, and the owners of a larger part of this share organized 
in 1897 as the Canyon Water Company of Pomona. This company 
controls 45^ per cent of the west-side San Antonio waters. The 
remainder of the Loup & Meserve owners maintain their original 
status of tenants in common. 

The Canyon Water Company is capitalized at $312,000, divided 
into 31,200 shares with a par value of $10 each; 14,169.3 of these 
shares have been issued. The organization was effected by a number 
of the holders of canyon water rights, who deeded those rights to the 
company and received stock in exchange. In 1905 there were 87 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 



81 



stockholders. The majority of the stockholders held 125 shares per 
10 acres, some held in excess of this number, and a few had but 100 
shares. Each share represents one one-hundredth of a miner's inch 
when there is enough water flowing in the canyon to give the west- 
side irrigators their full quota of 312 inches. At other times it rep- 
resents a smaller amount, whose value is proportional to the water 
available. The officers of the company state that the cost of the 
water to users is about 80 cents per acre per year, for maintenance 
and distribution. 

During periods of diminished flow in the canyon the water derived 
from this source is supplemented by pumped water supplied by 
several private plants and by the Kingsley Tract Water Company, 
the Claremont Cooperative Water Company, and the C. W. Brundage 
Company. This accessory water is arranged for by individual irri- 
gators and not through the company. 

Official measurements of the waters of San Antonio Canvon are 
made three times yearly, on the first Mondays in July, August, 
and September, as a basis for the division of the waters. The share 
received by the Pomona irrigators as a result of these measurements 
from 1900 to 1905 is given in the following table: 

Quantity of water, in miner's inches, delivered to Pomona irrigators from San Antonio 

Canyon, 1900-1905. 





Year. 


July. 


August. 


September. 


1900 




115 


(?) 

257. 07 
128. 06 
271. 05 
147. 54 
312 


(?) 


1901 312 


213.55 


1902 170. 5 


101.6 


1903 




312 


214. 77 


1904 




186. 935 


132. 25 


1905 




312 


312 







DEL MONTE IRRIGATION COMPANY. 

The Del Monte Irrigation Company is one of the four companies 
distributing water in the Pomona region, organized originally by the 
Pomona Land and Water Company. The organization of this branch 
was effected in February, 1887, with a capital stock of $400,000, 
divided into 40,000 shares with a par value of $10 each; 21,000 
shares have been issued at the rate of 10 shares per acre, and the 
market value was reported in 1906 as $8 per share. There were at 
that time between 175 and 200 shareholders, all of whom were land- 
owners under the system. Absentee ownership is not permitted. 

From the Pomona Land and Water Company the Del Monte 
Company received the right to the natural flow from Del Monte 
cienaga, one-fourth mile southeast of Claremont, and a right to 
develop water in a tract of 150 to 200 acres there. They also obtained 
from the same source the right to develop water in a 12-acre tract in 

47505— irr 219—08 



82 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Martin cienaga, one-fourth mile west of Claremont. In 1899 the 
company purchased an additional water right covering 68 acres in 
the Martin cienaga. The price paid for this right was $25,000. 

As early as 1886 artesian wells were bored in the cienagas, and the 
number was gradually increased until about 28 in all had been sunk. 
The artesian flow, however, slowly decreased as a result of the increas- 
ing development and the succeeding dry years, and finally ceased in 
1897. Thereafter the company depended entirely on pumping. The 
lift in 1905 was about 80 feet, but decreased markedly as a result of 
the three succeeding wet years. 

In the Del Monte cienaga the company operates a compressed-air 
plant, installed in 1899, from which seven wells within a few hundred 
feet of the plant were pumped in 1905. A Corliss air compressor 
operated by a 140-horsepower steam engine is used. Three wells in 
the Martin cienaga have been pumped from this plant, but they were 
not in use in 1905. The air compressor, engine, and pipes are reported 
to have cost $15,000, and the output is given at 155 miner's inches. 
In addition to this central plant, one well in the Del Monte cienaga 
is in use. A 40-horsepower motor and a Pomona deep- well pump 
are also used in the Martin cienaga. 

The water developed by the pumping plants is divided into four 
heads, prorated to stock and distributed at intervals of twenty-seven 
and one-half days by schedule through about 15 miles of 8 to 20 inch 
cement pipe owned by the company. 

Annual assessments of 60 cents per share, or $6 per acre, cover the 
cost of operating and maintaining the system and interest on indebt- 
edness. 

IRRIGATION COMPANY OF POMONA. 

The Irrigation Company of Pomona was organized by the Pomona 
Land and Water Company in July, 1886. It was capitalized at 
$245,000, divided into 24,500 shares with a par value of $10 each; 
2,450 acres were included in the district, and lands in the tract were 
sold with 10 shares of water stock per acre. All of the stock has 
been issued. When the majority of the stock had been transferred 
to the purchasers of land in the district,- the management of the 
company was turned over to them and the organization has since 
been operated as a mutual water company. 

The original sources of water were San Jose Creek ^nd the moist 
lands in which it rose and a number of artesian wells bored in these 
lands, which constituted the old artesian belt north of Pomona. 
About 45 wells have been bored at various times. With continued 
development and recurring dry seasons these sources of cheaper 
water failed, the artesian wells ceasing to flow from 1896 to 1899', and 
now the company depends entirely on pumped water. One large 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 83 

central pumping plant (No. 182, Pomona quadrangle) has been 
installed, and from tins station, equipped with a 150-horsepower 
Corliss-Cross compound air compressor, 16 wells, the farthest half a 
mile away, are pumped. Smaller auxiliary plants have been used 
in the past, but were abandoned for the more economical concentrated 
system. It is estimated that the company has, in addition to the 
pumping plant, about 25 miles of iron and cement distributing pipe, 
varying from 6 to 20 inches in diameter. It owns one reservoir on 
Holt avenue, east of Pomona, whose capacity is 1,900,000 gallons. 
It also has the right to develop water on 200 acres of ground in the 
vicinity of the plant. 

The company pumps for about seven months in the year, and 
produces from 200 to 250 inches continuous flow during this period. 
The water is divided into four heads, and each block of 100 shares of 
stock is given a twelve-hour run of one head monthly. 

The expenses of maintenance, operation, and distribution are met 
by assessments on the stock, which amount to about 40 cents per 
share, or $4 per acre annually. 

Of the 2,000 acres irrigated by tins company, one- third is planted 
to citrus fruits and the remainder to diversified crops. 

PALOMARES IRRIGATION COMPANY. 

The Palomares Irrigation Company is one of the four companies 
organized by the Pomona Land and Water Company and succeeding 
to its rights. The organization was effected on February 23, 1887. 
with a capital stock of $60,000, divided into 6,000 shares at $10 per 
share. The water rights which the company owned were made 
appurtenant to 600 acres of land, and 10 shares of stock were sold 
with each acre. 

The original source of the water used was a group of five artesian 
wells near the northern edge of the Pomona artesian area. These 
wells ceased to flow, with others in the same belt, in the late nineties. 
A pumping plant was then installed, and by its use from 40 to SO 
inches of water are now procured from two wells (No. 291, Cuca- 
monga quadrangle) and carried through a 22-inch main in a south- 
easterlv direction to the Palomares tract, which lies between the 
territory covered by the Irrigation Company of Pomona and that 
served by the Del Monte Irrigation Company. 

Pumping is usually begun in April and is continued thirty days per 
month and twenty-four hours per day until November. The water is 
distributed in full heads of 40 to 80 inches, each 100 shares receiv- 
ing a twelve-hour run monthly. 

The expenses involved in the maintenance of the plant and the dis- 
tribution of the water are met by an annual assessment on the share- 
holders. For a number of years this assessment varied between a 
minimum of $3 and a maximum of $6 per acre annually. 



84 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

CONSOLIDATED WATER COMPANY OF POMONA. 

The Consolidated Water Company of Pomona was organized by 
Messrs. Becket, Brady, and Lathrop, and incorporated May 23, 1889, 
with a capital stock of $500,000, divided into 5,000 shares of $100 
par value each. 

The company serves the city of Pomona with water for domestic 
purposes. The supply is obtained from five pumping plants located 
in the old artesian basin about three-fourths of a mile south of North 
Pomona and from wells and tunnels in San Antonio Wash, one-fourth 
of a mile east of Indian Hill. Four of the five plants were installed in 
1897 and 1898, and the fifth in the spring of 1904. Three of them are 
equipped with Addison-Lindsey deep-well lift pumps and two with 
centrifugal pumps. Electric power is used, and the combined capac- 
itj of the five plants is given at 200 inches. The cost is stated to be 
about $15,000. 

In the years 1892-1896 land east of Indian Hill was purchased from 
Peter Fleming and James Becket, and a tunnel was driven into the 
wash in order to develop a gravity flow. This tunnel, starting at the 
surface near Claremont, is about 1 mile in length and reaches a depth 
of 120 feet at the upper end. Two wells have been sunk along it and 
now flow into it. A pipe line has also been laid along the lower part 
of the tunnel, and this section filled. The combined cost of the land, 
tunnel, and wells is given as $150,000. 

The flow from this system varies with the season and the rainfall. 
During the winter months it reaches 160 inches, and is then ample for 
the city's needs. During the summer season, when the demands are 
heavy, the flow decreases, and an auxiliary supply is furnished by the 
pumping plants. Early in June, 1904, the flow from the wells and 
tunnel was reported at 70 inches, and during July of the same year, 54 
inches. The city requires about 130 inches during the heated term, a 
large amount being applied to lawns, shrubbery, gardens, etc. 
• In 1905 the company reported 1,500 taps in active use. A part of 
the service is equipped with meters, of which there were then about 
300, more than half of them owned by the consumers. Citizens may 
install meters at any time at a cost of $12, and pay thereafter for the 
actual amount of water used. Where meters are not used, the charges 
are regulated in great detail by city ordinance. An idea of the rates 
may be obtained from the following items: A charge of $1 per month 
is made for houses of five and six rooms, and 10 cents per month for 
each additional room. For irrigating lawns, 25 cents per month is 
charged throughout the year for 50 square yards or less, and one- 
fourth of a cent for each additional yard. Where meters are installed 
the following rates were established for the year beginning July 1, 
1904: Minimum rate, 600 cubic feet or less, per month, $1: each 
additional 100 cubic feet to 2,500 cubic feet, 10 cents; each 100 cubic 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 85 

feet over 2,500 cubic feet, 8 cents. In its collecting and distributing 
system the company owns 6.6 miles of cement pipe, 8 to 20 inches in 
diameter; 9.4 miles of iron pressure pipe, 6 to 16 inches in diameter; 
43.5 miles of iron pressure pipe, 2 to 5 inches in diameter; and 1 reser- 
voir, capacity 1,000,000 gallons. 

The cost of this system is about $90,000, while the total investment 
in lands, water rights, tunnels, wells, pumping plants, and distributing 
systems is given as $362,000. 

KINGSLEY TRACT WATER COMPANY (LIMITED). 

The irrigating enterprise known as the Kingsley Tract Water Com- 
pany (Limited) was incorporated September 10, 1900, and capitalized 
at $53,625, divided into 5,362^ shares of a par value of $10 per share. 
About 2,900 shares have been issued to the 55 stockholders, and the 
water is distributed to these and to five tenants in common on the 
tract who have not come into the corporation. 

The Kingsley tract is located northeast of Pomona, and is a part of 
the original Loup & Meserve tract, to which a portion of the San 
Antonio Canyon water is appurtenant. The Kingsley Tract Water 
Company is a mutual water-supply company, organized to distribute 
the stockholders' share of the canyon water and to develop and control 
a supply of domestic water. It has no control over the canyon water, 
but, with the the consent of the holders of canyon rights, distributes 
their water and collects assessments for maintaining the canyon 
system. When the flow from San Antonio Canyon apportioned to 
Pomona irrigators equals 312 inches, the Kingsley tract receives 52.65 
inches, and the same proportion of a lesser flow. The company pumps 
domestic water and an auxiliary supply for irrigation from well Xo. 
280 (Cucamonga quadrangle). Pumped water is used for irrigation 
only when necessary to keep the canyon head up to the regular amount. 
The well was sunk in 1884 by S. B. Kingsley, under contract with R. 
Catheart, the owner of the property on which it is located. It was 
once artesian but it ceased flowing about 1892. By the terms of the 
contract Mr. Catheart retained a two-fifths interest in the well and 
guaranteed a protection strip of 600 feet surrounding it. 

The pumping plant, consisting of a 30-horsepower gas engine and 
centrifugal pump, was installed in 1898 or 1899. It has a capacity of 
30 inches. The water is piped a distance of half a mile southeast ward 
to a reservoir in the upper part of the tract, and thence is distributed 
to two smaller reservoirs. The large reservoir is 300 feet in diameter 
and 12 feet deep. Because of the large storage capacity of the reser- 
voirs, night and Sunday irrigation is unnecessary. The distributing 
system consists of 6i miles of irrigating pipe from 6 to 10 inches in 
diameter, and of about the same amount of iron pipe for domestic 
supply, from 1 to 4 inches in diameter. 



86 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Canyon water costs the irrigators about $2 per miner's inch per year, 
and pumped water is supplied at cost to the stockholders. About 350 
acres are partially supplied with irrigating water, and domestic water 
is furnished to 55 families. The water is distributed in 25-inch heads, 
each acre being given a 102-minute run every two weeks. This is 
about equivalent to 1 miner's inch constant flow to 8 acres. For any 
excess over the regular head irrigators pay 2 cents per hour-inch. 

Including the Loup & Meserve tract assessment of $104, the cost of 
operating and maintaining the system from January 1, 1904, to Janu- 
ary 1, 1905, was $1,768. During the same period $2,546 was spent in 
development and new machinery. These charges are met by assess- 
ments on the stock. 

MOUNTAIN VIEW WATER COMPANY. 

The Mountain View Water Company is the successor of the old 
Fleming & Rohrer works, which consisted of several miles of pipe line 
and several hundred feet of tunnel driven into an outcrop of the old 
red alluvium that is exposed in San Antonio Wash about 1J miles east 
of Indian Hill. With these earlier works the company acquired 480 
acres of land, paying for the land and the developments $13,875. 
After acquiring the property the company sunk several wells and 
extended the tunnels to tap them. In July, 1896, a corporation was 
formed, the capital stock being fixed at $45,000, divided into 13,875 
shares. This stock is not appurtenant to the land, but is held only 
by landowners. 

In 1895 the gravity flow from the tunnel and wells reached 138 
inches, but during the succeeding years the output diminished, and in 
1899 two pumping plants were installed. These plants consist of 
18- and 12-horsepower gas engines and centrifugal pumps. Their 
combined capacity is 45 miner's inches. During the winter season 
one well (No. Ill, Cucamonga quadrangle) still flows a small amount 
into the tunnel. In the distributing system there are about 5 miles of 
6- to 16-inch pipe. 

The water developed is piped to the east a distance of 1J miles 
and used on the Mountain View' tract, about 1J miles northwest of 
Upland, except for three days of each month, when it is conducted 
to the village of Claremont and used there for domestic supply. 
There are about 400 acres under .irrigation in this system, and the 
water is distributed monthly in 30-inch heads on the basis of 1 inch 
to 10 acres. The cost of the water to the users is approximately $50 
per inch, or $5 per acre annually. 



IBRIGATION ENTERPBISES. 87 

CANYON RIDGE WATER COMPANY. 

The Canyon Ridge Water Company is a small company which 
irrigates about 160 acres of land northwest of Upland, near the 
Mountain Mew Water Company's tract. It was incorporated March 
12, 1900, and capitalized at $20,000, divided into 400 shares with a 
par value of $50 each. The stock is distributed among irrigators 
only. The company owns 10 acres of land in the upper part of 
the Ontario colony tract, on which a well has been sunk (No. 86, 
Cucamonga quadrangle) and a pumping plant installed. The plant 
consists of a 20"-horsepower gas engine and a deep-well pump with a 
capacity of 25 miner's inches. About 2\ miles of 6-inch pipe are 
laid down the slope to the stockholders' lands, where the water is 
used. Distribution is effected in full heads in rotation at intervals 
of thirty days. The cost of the water to the users is given at about 
$60 per inch annually. 

UPLAND WATER COMPANY. 

The Upland Water Company is a corporation organized principally 
by stockholders of the Mountain Mew Water Company for the pur- 
pose of developing an auxiliary supply. The organization was 
effected in 1900, on the basis of a $30,000 capitalization divided into 
300 shares. During the same year the company bought 30 acres of 
land, east of Upland and north of the Red Hills, sunk a well (Xo. 
58, Cucamonga quadrangle), and installed a pumping plant. The 
original plant, consisting of a steam engine and Worthington pump, 
was replaced in 1905 by an electric motor and Pomona deep- well 
pump. The total investment in well and plant up to 1905 was about 
$1,200. 

The capacity of the plant is reported as 40 inches. The water 
produced flows through about 26,000 feet of 10- and 8-inch cement 
pipe to the Mountain View tract, west of Upland, where it is dis- 
tributed monthly in full heads to the stockholders, who are all irri- 
gators. The cost of the water per annum is given as $10 per acre. 

ORANGE GROVE TRACT WATER COMPANY. 

The Orange Grove Tract Water Company was organized in 1889 
by John E. Packard, who owned artesian water-bearing lands north 
of Pomona and about three-fourths of a mile from the easternmost 
point of the San Jose Hills. Mr. Packard sunk wells on this property, 
laid pipe lines and constructed reservoirs, and sold the rights to 14| 
inches of water to the owners of the Vineyard tract of 80 acres, 
located in the present city of Pomona. A large part of the Vineyard 
tract has since been cut up into city lots. The water right of the 



88 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

23 acres north of Pomona, on which the pumping plant is situated, 
was transferred by Mr. Packard to the Orange Grove Water Company, 
subject to the prior right of 14^ inches, made appurtenant to the 
Vineyard tract, as mentioned above. 

Lands of the present Orange Grove tract, which lies south of the 
San Jose Hills and west of Pomona on Holt avenue, were sold with 
10 shares of water stock per acre. Four thousand seven hundred 
and twenty shares were issued, covering 472 acres. There are 26 
stockholders in the company, and all water developed except that 
belonging to the Vineyard tract is used by them. None is sold 
outside. 

In the late nineties the artesian flow of the wells ceased, and about 
1899 the company put in a pumping plant. This plant was installed 
for the purpose of supplying the Orange Grove company with domestic 
water and the Vineyard tract with the 14| inches to which it was 
entitled. The plant consists of a 25-horsepower gas engine and a 
centrifugal pump. It is in operation throughout the year. 

For irrigating purposes the company utilizes the water developed 
from the Alkire tunnel, which it has leased for a term of years. This 
tunnel, constructed by Josiah Alkire, is located close to the eastern 
point of the San Jose Hills and intercepts a part of the underflow 
around that point. The flow from this tunnel during August, 1905, 
was stated by Mr. French, the secretary of the company, to be 28 
inches. The water developed is delivered to the Orange Grove tract 
and distributed in open ditches in 20-inch heads, each acre being 
given a run of three and three-fourths hours per month, 

The combined cost of irrigating and domestic water during the 
four years from 1902-1905 is reported to have been about $5 per acre. 
This was covered by assessments on the stock. 

CLAREMONT COOPERATIVE POWER COMPANY. 

The Claremont Cooperative Water Company was organized in 1902, 
and 90 acres of land close to the foothills 2 miles northwest of Clare- 
mont were purchased. A well and pumping plant which had already 
been installed on the property were included in the purchase. 

The lands on which the water is used lie just north of Claremont, 
and the water is delivered to them through about 2j miles of 12- and 
8-inch cement pipe. The plant has a capacity of 30 miner's inches, 
but only about 60 acres are irrigated. No water is sold, the stock- 
holders of the company using all that is pumped. The cost to them 
is reported to be about 1^ cents per hour-inch. 



IBBIGATIOH ENTBBPBISES. 89 

CITIZENS' LIGHT AND POWER COMPANY. 

The Citizens' Light and Power Company was organized principally 
for the purpose of supplying the village of Claremont with domestic 
water. It was incorporated December 6, 1902, on a basis of 1,045 
shares of stock of a par value of $10 per share, making a total capital 
of $10,-450. 

In April, 1903, 40 acres of land were purchased, high up on the 
slope above Claremont, about 1 mile from the foothills. Develop- 
ment was begun on this property the same season. A well was sunk 
and equipped with a 25-horsepower gas engine and Pomona plunger 
pump, an 8- or 10-inch main was laid to the village 2 miles below, 
and a reservoir with a capacity of 1,250,000 gallons was constructed. 
The plant will produce about 25 inches of water. 

CHINO LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The Chino Land and Water Company was organized hi 1900, with 
a capital stock of $1,500,000, divided into 15,000 shares, the par 
value of each being $100. It succeeded to the holdings of Richard 
Gird, of Chino, these holdings including the greater part of the Chino 
ranch of 37,500 acres, with certain water rights and obligations. The 
company owns 14 or 15 flowing wells in the Chino artesian belt and 
two pumping plants. 

The greater part of the water supply is furnished by a group of 
ten artesian wells, situated about 1^ miles southwest of Chino. The 
water from this group is conducted for several miles in a southeasterly 
direction through an earthen ditch, to 600 or 700 acres of alfalfa land 
to which it is applied. The artesian flow is supplemented during the 
heated term by the water yielded by a pumping plant installed in 
1903, about half a mile from the artesian group. 

A second pumping plant, which supplies the village of Chino with 
domestic water, is situated about l'J miles north of Pomona. This 
plant w^as installed in 1901, and a portion of its product is sometimes 
sold to outsiders. The well is one of the original Gird group, bored 
in the early eighties, and is reported to have yielded 80 inches of 
artesian water when first put down. There were 23 of these wells, 
drilled in the old Palomares cienaga, and their reported total yield 
in the latter part of the decade between 1880 and 1890, is 300 or 350 
inches. A pipe line with a capacity of 300 inches was laid by Mr. 
Gird from the wells to the vicinity of Chino, and his total investment 
in wells, pipe lines, and water rights is given as $200,000. The wells 
failed rapidly, however, and all ceased flowing in the years 1888 to 
1891, and since Mr. Gird had agreed not to pump them, they have 
all been abandoned, except Nos. 280 and 287, Cucamonga quadrangle, 



90 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

over which pumping plants have been installed, and five or six others 
which are used by ranchers for domestic supply. ■ 

Some supplementary irrigation is accomplished on the Chino rancho 
by the use of waste waters from the beet-sugar factory at Chino. A 
group of 15 wells is pumped by compressed air for the use of the 
factory when it is in operation, and the waste is conducted south of 
Chino to lands on the north and south banks of Chino Creek. 

SAN JOSE VALLEY SYSTEMS. 
CURRIER TRACT WATER COMPANY. 

The Currier Tract Water Company was incorporated in September, 
1900, with a capital stock of $10,000, divided into 300 shares, whose 
par value is $33.33 each. There are at present 35 stockholders in 
the company. The company owns a well and pumping plant (No. 1, 
Pomona quadrangle), located a short distance west of Pomona. The 
plant consists of a 30-horsepower electric motor and centrifugal pump, 
which with the well cost $3,300. In addition to this plant, 1^ miles 
of 10-inch cement pipe have been laid at an expense of $2,300, bringing 
the total investment up to $5,600. From this plant about 100 acres, 
principally in citrus fruits, are irrigated. It is reported by officers 
of the company that in July, 1905, an official measurement was made 
which indicated an output of 56 miner's inches from the plant. Costs 
are given as 85 cents per hour for pumping, while the total cost for 
operation and maintenance is from $550 to $560 annually. 

A. T. CURRIER DEVELOPMENT. 

The plant of A. T. Currier is a private enterprise, but its magnitude 
justifies a brief description. It consists of two wells located on the 
south bank of San Jose Creek about 1| miles below Spadra, 560 feet 
of wooden flume, and 3£ miles of 18- and 20-inch vitrified pipe, 
through which the water is carried along the foot of the hills south 
of San Jose Creek valley, the line terminating south of Lemon. The 
wells were sunk in 1902 to bed rock, which was reached at 80 and 
115 feet, and the pipe line was laid during the same year, at a total 
expense of $15,400. 

NORTH DITCH. 

The old irrigation work formerly known as the Rowland & Foster 
ditch diverts water from the bed of San Jose Creek about 1 \ miles 
northeast of Lemon. It follows the creek for one-fourth mile until 
it attains the elevation of the bottom lands, thence it passes due west 
across the valley for about 1 mile. The original ditch was built fifty 
or sixty years ago by the Spanish, but the present work, a dirt ditch 
throughout, was dug in 1885. 



[BRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 91 

The water supply from the creek varies with the season, but is 
usually less than 40 miner's inches. The supply being lowesl during 
the summer season, when irrigating water is most needed, it has been 
found necessary to supplement it by installing pumping plants, four 
of which are in operation. The water is used by the ranchers in the 
Lemon district on the north side of the creek, who irrigate from 100 
to 125 acres. The entire head is distributed on the basis of one hour 
per acre each twenty-one days. 

SOUTH DITCH. 

About one-half mile below the diversion dam on San Jose Creek at 
the head of the combined north and south ditches the water is divided 
and half the flow is carried across the creek by flume and through the 
south ditch for about 2 miles in a southwesterly direction to the 
ranches which are served by it on the south side of the valley. Eleven 
individual ranchers are entitled to the water from this ditch, but as 
the flow is much too small for the acreage under cultivation, five or 
six pumping plants have been established to furnish an additional 
supply. The north and south ditches share the water of San Jose 
Creek at their common diversion point equally, each receiving, it is 
said, from 15 to 40 miner's inches. On the south ditch the full head 
is distributed on the basis of one hour per acre each twenty-five days. 

LORDSBURG WATER COMPANY. 

The Lordsburg Water Company was incorporated December 5, 
1900, with a capital stock of $36,000, divided into 3,600 shares, witli 
a par value of $10 each. Before the incorporation of the company 
its organizers had sunk wells, installed pumping plants, and laid a 
pipe line, at an expense of nearly $12,500. This property was ex- 
changed for the stock, which is distributed among 35 shareholders. 
Three thousand five hundred shares were issued to the original 
owners, while 100 shares were retained as treasury stock. Later 
the company purchased some stock, so that in 1905 there were but 
3,146 shares out. 

The company owns three wells, two of which (Xos. 50 and 63, 
Pomona quadrangle) are in use. One of these wells i^ pumped by a 
20-horsepower electric motor and the other by a 24-horsepower gas 
engine. The officers of the company report that from 50 to 60 miner's 
inches are developed by the two plants. 

The distributing system includes about 5 miles of pipe line, nearly 
3£ miles of which are in the main conduit, which extends northwest- 
ward from the pumping plants to San Dimas Wash and connects with 
the San Dimas, Covina, and Azusa irrigating systems. This conduit 
is 16, 12, and 10 inches in diameter, according to grade, and has a 
capacity of 120 to 140 miner's inches. 



9^ FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEBN CALIFORNIA. 

The cost of the water is given by the company's officers as about 
1| cents per hour-inch. Some stockholders have more water than 
they need, and sales are sometimes made to outsiders at a rate of 2\ 
cents per hour-inch. 

There are 300 acres irrigated by the company, 40 acres south of 
the plant at Lordsburg and the balance below the pipe line between 
Lordsburg and San Dimas. Citrus fruits, alfalfa, and potatoes are 



grown. 



LAVERNE LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 



The Laverne Land and Water Company is a cooperative concern, 
organized and incorporated October 30, 1899. The capitalization is 
$25,000, divided into 500 shares whose par value is $50 each. The 
paid-up capital represents about one-half of the capital stock, 24 H 
shares having been issued. 

At the time of the organization of the company 15 acres of land 
were purchased, and in 1900 two wells (Xo. 249, Pomona quadrangle) 
were sunk on this property, which lies \\ miles northeast of Lords- 
burg. A 38-horsepower gas engine and two deep-well pumps, with 
a combined capacity of 55 inches, were installed, and 3 miles of 
cement, steel, and vitrified pipe were laid west and northwest from 
the plant for the delivery of water to the lands under irrigation. 
Both pumps are in operation only when the demand for water is 
large. The company reports that in 1903 one pump was used 1,087 
hours and two pumps were used 1,402 hours, and that in 1904 one 
pump was used 650 hours and two pumps were used 3,170 hours. 

A charge of 75 cents per hour is made for the output of both pumps, 
a rate of 1-^ cents per hour-inch when the full head of 55 inches is 
delivered; and 40 cents per hour is charged for the output of one pump. 

The water is used to irrigate 241 acres of citrus fruits. Each acre 
is given a two and one-half hours' run of a full head every thirty days, 
which is equivalent to a duty of 1 inch continuous flow to 5.3 acres 
when the full head of 55 inches is delivered. Water in excess of the 
regular supply is sometimes furnished to stockholders and to out- 
siders. In these cases a charge of 3 cents per hour-inch is made. 

LEVERNE IRRIGATING COMPANY. 

The Laverne Irrigating Company was incorporated March 17, 1902, 
with a capital stock of $25,000, divided into 500 shares. One acre of 
land with a water right to 5 acres and one-third interest in a well and 
pumping plant were acquired at Laverne, 1 mile east of San Dimas, 
from L. T. Gillett. The well had been sunk, the plant installed, and 
the pipe line laid in 1900. The pumping machinery consists of a 
35-horsepower gas engine and centrifugal pump No. 4 and the dis- 
tributing system of 2 miles of 10-inch cement pipe. One hundred 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 98 

acres of citrus fruits arc irrigated, the water costing, it is reported, l 
cent per hour-inch. Water is distributed in full heads at thirty- 
day intervals. 

SAN DIMAS IRRIGATION COMPANY. 

In 1885 Messrs. Lyman, Allen, and Bixby, owners of riparian water 
rights in San Dimas Canyon, which they had purchased from Messrs. 
Brooks and Rogers, who made the original filings, laid an 8-inch pipe 
from the bed of San Dimas Creek out to the mesa lands east of the 
wash. During the same year they organized the San Dimas Land 
and Water Company, capitalizing it at $60,000, with 1,200 shares of 
of stock, 1,025 of which have been issued. The San Jose Ranch Com- 
pany was organized in April, 1887, with a capital stock of $300,000, 
and controlled several thousand acres of land lying south of San 
Dimas Wash and extending westward to the Covina district. Its 
water rights covered the "Mud Springs" cienaga, 1 mile southeast of 
San Dimas; the developments in Sycamore Flat Canyon, which then 
yielded 10 to 15 inches, but have since been abandoned; and certain 
claims on the flow of San Dimas Canyon based on the company's 
holdings of lands in the upper part of the canyon. In addition, it 
took possession of the water rights and development work of the San 
Dimas Land and Water Company, agreeing in return to furnish the 
latter company with 35 miner's inches constant flow. 

Extended and expensive developments were at once undertaken. 
A 12- and 14-inch cement conduit was laid from the masonry forebay 
at the opening of San Dimas Canyon to the plain on the south, which 
formed a part of the large tract controlled by the Ranch Company. 
Sixteen 7-inch wells were sunk in the Mud Springs cienaga, and a 
tunnel was driven to cut the wells at points varying from 20 to 30 feet 
below the surface. During the year of organization (1887) and the 
five years following, 3,300 feet of 3- by 6-foot tunnel were constructed 
in the cienaga and a gravity flow was developed which is reported to 
have at one time reached a maximum of 77 miner's inches. From 
the canyon line and the Mud Springs cienaga, 12 to 14 miles of 
8- by 10-inch cement distributing pipe were laid to the ranch lands 
lying west of these sources. While these expenditures were being 
made, lands with water rights were sold, and by 1891 these rights, 
aggregating 160 inches, had been disposed of on the basis of SI, 000 
per inch. The company, unwisely managed from the start, had 
expended in various ways the money derived from the sale of the 
lands, but had made no adequate provision for obtaining the water 
which it had agreed to supply. 

During the years 1891 to 1894 the flow from the only sources, San 
Dimas Canyon and Mud Springs cienaga, gradually declined, and the 
company, unable to meet the demands of those who had bought 



94 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

water from it, offered to turn over to them its remaining assets, 
consisting of pipe and tunnel systems, various water rights, and 
$3,000 in cash. This offer was declined, and suit was instituted 
against the company to compel the delivery of the full quota of water 
according to contract ; but a minority of the ranchers, believing that 
the company was exempt from penalty through the operation of the 
statute of limitations, withdrew from the suit, and after negotiations 
with the San Jose Ranch Company organized the San Dimas Irrigation 
Company on October 15, 1894. This company was capitalized at 
$160,000, divided into 1,600 ^shares, and to it the system of pipe lines 
and tunnels belonging to the Ranch Company was deeded. It was 
provided also that other purchasers of water rights from the San Jose 
Ranch Company should be allowed to join the new company within 
a year, the applicant to receive 10 shares of stock in the new organiza- 
tion for each inch of water purchased from the old. 

Immediately after the formation of the San Dimas Irrigation 
Company, suit was brought to determine the ownership of the water 
from the Mud Springs cienaga. In 1896 a decision was rendered, 
awarding this water, which had now fallen to 33 inches, according to 
precedence in use, thus leaving all except the first users without water. 
These first users shortly afterward organized the Cienaga Land and 
Water Company. 

The flow from the Mud Springs continued to decline, but the 
Cienaga Company was unable to pump because the wells and tunnels 
belonged to the San Dimas Irrigation Company, and the latter 
company was unable to pump because the water belonged to the 
Cienaga Company. This deadlock was broken by an agreement 
reached in 1898, whereby the San Dimas Irrigation Company agreed 
to install a pumping plant and deliver to the Cienaga Land and Water 
Company, free of charge, 33 miner's inches, but reserved the privilege 
of turning the plant over to the Cienaga Company at any time, 
allowing the latter company to pump the 33 inches at its own expense. 
In case this was done the San Dimas Irrigation Company was to be 
permitted to. enter on the cienaga lands and install an independent 
plant there. 

In accordance with the terms of this agreement, the San Dimas 
Company installed a plant in 1898, and for three years delivered 
33 miner's inches to the Cienaga Company free of charge. At the 
end of this period, becoming dissatisfied, the San Dimas Company 
took advantage of the option in the agreement of 1898, and for one 
year the plant was operated at the expense of the Cienaga Company, 
and but 33 inches developed. Finally, the latter company claiming 
that the cost of pumping under this arrangement was excessive, a 
contract was entered into, by the terms of which the San Dimas 
Company agreed to furnish the Cienaga Company with 33 inches at 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES* 95 

a charge of three-fourths of a cent per hour-inch. This contract 
expired in December, 1907. 

In 1895 it was discovered that a large body of water underlay San 
Dimas Wash, and from that time on many wells were sunk there and 
plants were established to supplement the supply in the surround- 
ing districts. The San Dimas Irrigation Company, among others, 
entered this district in 1900, purchased land, put in a well, and erected 
a pumping plant. In 1904, because of the increased demand and the 
lowering of the water plane, a second, deeper well, 14 inches in diame- 
ter, was bored in the wash, and a 75-horsepower electric motor installed 
over it. The two wells there yielded 60 miner's inches after these im- 
provements were completed. 

In 1902 a well was sunk and equipped with pumping machinen- on 
Bonita avenue, about one-fourth mile north of the Mud Springs 
cienaga, and a considerable addition to the supply was thus obtained. 
At times, also, water has been purchased from outside systems when 
available at a reasonable price, and by these various means the suppty 
has been kept equal to the demand. The only gravity water owned 
by the company is the tenth part of the now of San Dimas Canyon, 
when the total is 37? inches or less, and one-half of all in excess of this 
amount. Title to this share is a result of the compromise of January, 
1905, which ended the long suit between the San Dimas Land and 
Water Company and other claimants to San Dimas Camion water. 

Stock of the San Dimas Irrigation Companj^ is held exclusively by 
landowners, and the basis of distribution is 1 inch to 10 acres. Water 
rates are established yearly and are controlled by the cost of pumping. 
All improvement and maintenance charges are met by separate assess- 
ments. 

In addition to the water owned by the company, about 150 inches of 
alien water produced by independent pumping plants is distributed 
through the San Dimas system, one-fourth cent per hour-inch being 
charged for this service. 

Of the 3,000 acres irrigated in the San Dimas district, about 1,050 
are supplied b} T the San Dimas Irrigation Company. . Its assets are 
distributed about as follows: Pipe lines, 20 miles of 8- to 18-inch pipe, 
$30,000; wells and three pumping plants, $26,000; three pumping- 
plant sites, $2,300; land in San Dimas Canyon, $1,000; total, $59,300. 

ARTESIAN BELT WATER COMPANY. 

The Artesian Belt Water Company was incorporated August 14, 
1897, and capitalized at $30,000, divided into 300 shares, winch are 
distributed among 64 stockholders. Tins was one of the first com- 
panies organized in the San Dimas district for the purpose of develop- 
ing and distributing pumped water, and it now owns and pumps the 
first well sunk there (No. 234, Pomona quadrangle). This well was 



96 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

bored in 1895 and the first plant was installed in 1896 by J. 0. Enell. 
The original plant was a 30-horsepower boiler and duplex steam pump. 
Now a 54-horsepower engine is used. When the well was first bored 
water was encountered at 44 feet from the surface, but the water plane 
has since declined so that the lift is now much more than this. 

In addition to the well and plant, the company owns 10 acres of 
land in San Dimas Wash and about 2 J miles of 12-inch cement pipe, 
the total estimated investment being $20,000. The distribution of 
the waters and the administration of the company are managed much 
as in the larger San Dimas Irrigation Company, several landowners 
being stockholders in both organizations. 

NEW DEAL LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The New Deal Land and Water Company was organized September 
25, 1890, with a capital stock of $100,000, divided into 2,000 shares. 
It owns and operates a well and pumping plant (No. 236, Pomona 
quadrangle) , 1 mile southeast of San Dimas, near the old Mud Springs 
cienaga. The property on which the plant is located was purchased 
on the supposition that in the original deed from the San Jose Ranch 
Company no reservation had been made of the rights to the under- 
ground water in this vicinity, but after the transfer of the Ranch Com- 
pany's rights to the San Dimas Irrigation Company, the latter organi- 
zation claimed all underground waters in the vicinity of the springs, 
and the matter was carried to the courts. An agreement was finally 
reached, however, by the terms of which the New Deal Land and 
Water Company was given the right to sink and maintain its present 
well and was guaranteed a protection strip within a radius of 75 feet of 
the plant. The plant consists of a 12-horsepower gas engine and a No. 
2 Fulton pump, and produces from 10 to 20 inches of water, with 
which about 100 acres of citrus fruits are irrigated. 

FROSTLESS BELT WATER COMPANY. 

The Frostless Belt Water Company was incorporated in April, 1901, 
with a capital stock of $10,000, divided into 1,000 shares, all of winch 
have been issued. There are 13 stockholders, 10 of whom also own 
stock in the San Dimas Irrigation Company. 

Soon after its organization the company purchased 20 acres of land 
at Laverne at a cost of $1,500, and not long thereafter a well was bored 
(No. 224, Pomona quadrangle) and equipped with a 30-horsepower gas 
engine and centrifugal pump. The plant is reported to yield 30 
miner's inches. About 12,000 feet of 10-inch cement pipe have been 
laid for delivering the water to the lands of the stockholders southwest 
of San Dimas. The water is delivered in full heads of 25 to 30 inches 
at thirty-day intervals, at the rate of 1J inches to 10 acres. Citrus 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 97 

fruits are raised. The company reports its investments as follows: 
Well and plant, $2,800; pipe line, $3,300; real estate, $1,500; total, 
$7,600. 

SAN GABRIEL SYSTEMS. 
HISTORY OF RIGHTS. 

Wm. Ham. Hall states that the ehureh fathers are reported to 
have taken water from San Gabriel River as early as 1821 for irri- 
gation in the neighborhood of the San Gabriel mission. None of 
the present rights, however, date back to this earliest diversion, 
if it was actually made. The oldest of the present ditches is the 
Azusa, built in 1843 by Luis Arenas, owner at that time of the Azusa 
rancho. Eleven years later Andres Duarte, who owned the Duarte 
rancho, built a second w T est-side ditch, to wmich some of the w T est- 
side irrigators claim their rights are traceable. 

In 1852 or 1853 Mr. Dalton, who had meanwhile acquired the 
Azusa rancho, enlarged the east-side ditch, and disputes quickly 
arose, both as to the boundaries of the rancho and as to the owner- 
ship of the water carried in the enlarged ditch, settlers on the low T er 
part of the ranch claiming a proportion of the waters carried in it. 
The period which intervened up to 1889 was one of much confusion. 
Disputes, litigation, and compromises w r ere of repeated occurrence, 
the settlements which resulted from the latter often being of short 
duration. At the same time other settlers were taking up lands, 
and the interests involved became constantly greater and more 
complex. Slauson & Martz, from wmose interests the Azusa Agri- 
cultural Water Company was later developed, secured possession 
of the Azusa ranch between 1880 and 1883, and in 1882 the Azusa 
Water Development and Irrigating Company, later the Covina 
Irrigating Company, began a tunnel for developing the underflow 
of the San Gabriel. This tunnel w r as completed in 1889, although 
the canal by which its waters w r ere carried to a district east and 
south of that served by the older Azusa canal had been finished about 
1885. The builders of this tunnel claimed to have developed by its 
construction 137 miner's inches of water, but the claim was disputed 
by the other companies interested in the San Gabriel flow. January 
26, 1889, all of the claimants to San Gabriel River waters entered into 
an agreement, by the terms of which the water w r as divided among 
them, and perfected a scheme for controlling its distribution. For 
purposes of division the water was considered as consisting of 720 
parts. When the total quantity is equal to or less than 1,700 
miner's inches, each of the claimants gets a certain number of 
these parts, while the excess above 1,700 inches is divided somewmat 
differently. The number of 720ths that each claimant to the first 

47505— irr 219—08 7 



98 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



1,700 inches and to the excess receives, as agreed on in this compro- 
mise, is given in the following table: 



Division of San Gabriel River waters. 
[In seven hundred and twentieths.] 



Azusa Water Development and Irrigating Co 

Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Co. and Beardslee Water Ditch Co 

Azusa Land and Water Co 

Azusa Agricultural Water Co 

Kate S. Vosburg and Louise McNiel 

" Old users," represented in part by the Azusa Irrigating Co. and Azusa Water 
Development and Irrigating Co 



First 1,700 
inches. 



72 

216 

45 

54 

27 

306 



Excess. 



241 

160 

33 

40 

20 

226 



At the time of the compromise a committee of nine members, 
appointed by the several companies and associated irrigators, was 
given control of the water from its source to the point of division 
between the east-side and west-side users. Subcommittees, repre- 
senting the respective interests, take charge of the water below this 
point. 

This compromise served as a basis for the division of the water 
until the completion of the San Gabriel Power Company's conduit 
in 1898. After this conduit was built the power company claimed 
as salvage and was allowed one-tenth of all the canyon flow except 
200 inches, which it was agreed to consider as developed by the 
Covina tunnel. This tenth was deducted proportionately from the 
share of each of the users under the compromise agreement of 1889, 
and on August 1, 1898, the salvage water was purchased from the 
power company by the Covina Irrigating Company for $66,500, 
and is now owned and used by the latter organization. The old 
apportionment, except as it is modified by this salvage agreement, 
is still in force. An account of the later developments is given in 
connection with the sketch of each of the companies that follows. 
The quantity of water available in the San Gabriel for all users and 
the fluctuations in the flow of the stream are shown in the accom- 
panying tables, taken from the records of the United States Geo- 
logical Survey. The minimum, discharge of which there is record is 
3 second-feet, reached in July and September, 1899, and in Septem- 
ber, 1900; the maximum is the flood of March, 1905, with a discharge 
of 11,130 second-feet. 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISKS. 



99 



Estimated monthly discharge of San Gabriel River and canals at Aziisa, Los Angeles 

County, 1896-1906. 

[Drainage area, 222 square miles.] 



1890 

January 

February 

March 

April...' 

May 

Juno 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year.. . 

1897. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year.. . 

1898. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year. . . 

1899. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year... 

1900. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-16 . . . 

The year... 



Discharge. 



Maximum. 



Sec. -feet. 
51 
61 

169 
91 
40 
27 
15 
36 
19 

188 
40 
37 



188 



147 

1,713 

1,765 

370 

196 

91 

52 

34 

23 

1,640 

34 

34 



1.765 



63 
70 
48 
37 
83 
30 
14 
9 
10 
10 
11 
18 



83 



33 

28 

40 

28 

17 

22 

4 

6 

6 

26 

24 

39 



40 



89 

23 

30 

26 

86 

22 

10 

5 

6 

6 

5,200 

53 



Minimum. 



Sec-feet. 
26 
36 
37 
40 
29 
13 
9 
9 
11 
10 
15 
17 



25 
64 
294 
201 
94 
54 
27 
22 
18 
22 
31 
28 



18 



28 

32 

28 

25.3 

25.0 

14.5 
9.0 
5.0 
6.1 
7.5 
8.0 

11.7 



5.0 



15 

20 

18 

16 

12 

5 

3 

4 

3 

4 

10 

16 



22 

18 

16 

13 

16 

8 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

31 



Mean. 



Sec-feet. 
37 
41 
111 
54 
36 
19 
12 
14 
13 
24 
19 
22 



34 



Run-off. 



Total dis- 
charge. 



Acre-feet. 
2,275 
2, 358 

6,825 

3,213 

2,214 

1,131 

738 

861 

774 

1,476 

1.131 

1,353 



24,349 



57.9 

344.8 

465.6 

294.4 

145.0 

67.8 

38.1 

26.4 

20.7 

90.5 

33.3 

30.5 



134. 6 



40 
40 
35 
33 
36 
19 



9 

10 
14 



22 



3,617 

19,146 

28. 623 

17,519 

8,851 

4,033 

2,343 

1,613 

1,226 

5,564 

1,860 

1,875 



Per square 
mile. 



Sec 



-feet. 

I). 17 
. IS 
.50 
.24 
.16 
-09 
.05 
.06 
.06 
.11 
.09 
.10 



.15 



.260 

1.553 

2.097 

1. 325 

.653 

.306 

.171 

.118 

.088 

.403 

.141 

.137 



96,270 



2.453 

2,241 

2,131 

1,950 

2,223 

1,159 

672 

456 

467 

533 

580 

832 



604 



.18 
.18 
,16 
.15 
.16 
.09 
,05 
,03 
,04 
,04 
,04 
,06 



15. 697 



10 



23 

22 

26 

21 

14 

10 

4 

5 

4 

11 

14 

20 



14.5 



1,414 

1,244 

1,623 

1,262 

842 

565 

221 

295 

220 

709 

847 

1,247 



.104 
.102 
.119 
.096 
.062 
.043 
.016 
.022 
.019 
.050 
.064 
.091 



10, 489 



,065 



32 

20 

20 

17 

37 

15 

6 

4 

4 

5 

186 

40 



1,968 

1,111 

1.230 

1,012 

2,275 

893 

369 

246 

238 

307 

11,068 

1.269 



.14 
.09 
.09 
.08 
.17 
.07 
.03 

02 
.02 
.02 

84 
.18 



5,200 



32 



21,986 



15 



Depth. 



/lic/lfs. 

0. 20 

.19 
.58 
.27 
.18 
.10 
.06 
.07 
.07 
.13 
.10 
.12 



2.07 



.292 

1.579 

2.418 

1.478 

.748 

.341 

.197 

.136 

.098 

.465 

.149 

.158 



8.059 



.20 
.19 
.18 
.17 
.19 
.10- 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.05 
.05 
.07 



1.34 



.120 
.106 
.137 
,107 
,071 
048 
,018 
,025 
,021 
058 
071 
105 



.887 



.16 

.09 
.10 
.09 
.20 
.08 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.02 
.93 
.11 



1.85 



100 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



Estimated monthly discharge of San Gabriel River and canals at Azusa, Los Angele 

County, 1896-1906— Continued. 

[Drainage area, 222 square miles.] 



1901, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 

1902, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year. .. 

1903, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year. . . 

1904, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year . . . 

1905, 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year... 



Discharge. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



Sec-feet. 

1,450 

2,605 

440 

130 

272 

93 

41 

27 

20 

122 

50 

30 



2,605 



51 
120 
378 

99 

48 

29.5 

17 
8.5 
6 ' 

10.5 

80 

68 



Sec-feet. 
28 
137 
135 
95 
83 
41 
24 
15 
15 
15 
29 
26 



378 



2,999 

203 

1,417 

5,892 

355 

125 

58 

35 

34 

32 

26 

26 



5,892 



28. 

438 

1,130 

120 

104 

38 

18 

29 

13. 

15. 

14. 



1,130 



108 

3,010 

11,130 

474 

540 

182 

109 

55 

35 

32 

97 

50 



11, 130 



Mean. 



Total dis- 
charge. 



Run-off. 



Per square | Depth _ 



mile 



Sec-feet. 

169 

680 

221 

110 

121 

63 

30 

20 

17 

24 

32 

27 



Acre-feet. 

10, 391 

37, 765 

13, 589 

6,545 

7,440 

3,749 

1,845 

1,230 

1,012 

1,476 

1,904 

1,660 



15 



24 

38 

63 

48 

30 

13.5 
7.5 
6 

4.5 
5.5 
7.5 

16 



126 



88, 606 



4.5 



22 
61 
57 
267 
125 
62 
35 
24 
21 
20 
22 
22 



20 



23 

23 

35 

57 

37 

17.5 

11 
9.5 
7.5 
9.0 

11.0 

14.7 



28 

37 

99 

66 

39 

20 

11 

7 

5 

7 

19 
32 



1,722 

2,055 

6,087 

3,927 

2.398 

1,190 

676 

430 

298 

430 

1,131 

1,968 



31 



22,312 



148 

102 

257 

792 

217 

95 

43 

29 

25 

24 

24 

24 



148 



24.4 
47.7 
110.8 
89.7 
66.5 
25.5 
14.0 
12.9 
10.8 
12.0 
12.8 
16.9 



7.5 



37 



9,100 

5,665 

•15, 802 

47, 127 

13, 343 

5,653 

2,644 

1,783 

1,488 

1,476 

1,428 

1,476 



106, 985 



1,500 

2,744 

6,813 

5,337 

4,089 

1,517 

861 

793 

643 

738 

762 

1,039 



26,836 



18. 

34 

142 

206 

193 

63 

56 

33 

28 

27 

29 

37 



36.6 

466 
,222 

329 

278 

139 
83 
42.8 
31.4 
28.8 
44.7 
40.1 



2,251 

25,880 

75,140 

19,580 

17,090 

8, 271 

5,103 

2,631 

1,869 

1.771 

2, 660 

2, 466 



18.5 



2,284 



164, 700 



Sec-feet. 
.76 
3.06 
1.00 
.50 
.55 
.28 
.14 
.09 
.08 
.11 
.14 
.12 



Inches. 



57 



.13 
.17 
.45 
.30 
.17 
.09 
.05 
.03 
.02 
.03 
.09 
.J4 



14 



.67 
.46 
1.16 
3.57 
.98 
.43 
.19 
.13 
.11 
.11 
.11 
.11 



,67 



,11 
,21 
.50 
40 
30 
11 
,06 
06 
,05 
05 
.06 



17 



.16 

2.10 

5.50 

1.48 

1.25 

.63 

.37 

.19 

.14 

.13 

.20 

.18 



1.03 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 



101 



Estimated monthly discharge of San Gabriel River and canals at Azusa. Los Angeles 

County, 1896-1906— Continued. 





[Drainage 


area 


222 square miles.] 












Discharge. 




Total dis- 
charge. 


Run-off. 




Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Per square 
mile. 


Depth. 


1906. 


Sec. -feet. 


Sec 


-feet. 


Sec. -feet. 


Acre-feet. 


Sec-feet. 


Inches 


January 


441 




36 


68.1 


4.190 


.307 


.35 


February 


92- 




47 


68.1 


3,780 


.307 


.32 


March 


9.430 




56 


2,160 


133, 000 


9.73 


11.22 


April 


1,110 




321 


578 


34,400 


2.60 


2.90 


May 


1,110 




251 


342 


21.000 


1.54 


1.78 


June 


364 




204 


262 


15,600 


1.18 


1.32 


Julv 


295 




97 


155 


9.530 


.698. 


.80 


August 


93 




57 


72.8 


4.480 


.328 


.38 


September 


55 




42 


47.7 


2,840 


.215 


.24 


Octol)er 


42 




38 


39.8 


2.450 


.179 


.21 


November 


47 




37 


40.4 


2.400 


.182 


.20 


Decern be r 


1.600 




45 


188 


11.600 


.847 


.98 


The vear 


9.430 




36 


335 


245, 000 


1.51 


20. 70 







AZUSA IRRIGATING COMPANY. 

The Azusa Irrigating Company was organized and incorporated 
August 23, 1886, by a part of the Azusa "old settlement" irriga- 
tors. The company was capitalized at $60,000, divided into 4,000 
shares with a par value of $15 each, but the capital has since been 
increased to $180,000. Of the 12,000 shares, 10,865 have been issued 
and are distributed among 199 shareholders. They are reported 
to have a market value of about $35 each. The basis of the distribu- 
tion is three shares to the acre. Delinquent stock reverts to the 
company and may be reissued, but only to lands within the Azusa 
water district established by the compromise of 1889. This district 
includes 5,508 acres, of which 4,043 are covered by the Azusa Irri- 
gating Company and 1,465 acres are under contract by the Covina 
Irrigating Compay. 

Water is prorated to stock and is distributed in 100-inch heads, 
which during times of abundant supply are given twelve-hour runs 
to each 10-acre tract in turn. When the supply becomes short, 
the time in each run is reduced. 

The company owns the Azusa ditch, the oldest of the east-side 
canals, and other canals and pipe lines aggregating about 40 miles. 
The main canal is about 3 miles in length from the Azusa ice house, 
where the Covina and Azusa waters are divided, and this main line 
is extended 1^ miles beyond the terminus of the canal by a 30-inch 
vitrified pipe. The main distributing lines consist of 10-, 12-, and 14- 
inch cement pipe, according to grade, and are designed to carry 120 
miner's inches. A reservoir with a capacity of 6,500,000 gallons 
and capable, therefore, of impounding a continuous flow of 800 
miner's inches for fifteen hours, forms a part of the system. It was 
built in 1893 at a cost of $13,000. 



102 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

In addition to the rights of the San Gabriel waters and the dis- 
tributing system mentioned above, the company owns 40 acres of 
land in San Dimas Wash. Wells were sunk on this property, a 
pumping plant was installed, and a pipe line 4J miles in length was 
laid due west to the main ditch, but the plant was sold later. Never- 
theless, much pumped water is used in the district during seasons 
when the supply of gravity water is low. The Glendora and Azusa 
Water Company supplies the upper part of the district, and the 
lower part receives water from the Irwindale wells, operated by the 
Irwindale Land and Water Company, the Orange Avenue Water 
Company, and the Cypress Avenue Water Company. The majority 
of the stockholders in these subsidiary companies are also stock- 
holders in the Azusa Irrigating Company. 

Water rates are collected on the basis of a sliding scale, charges 
varying from $1.20 in February to $5.40 in July, August, and Sep- 
tember for a twelve-hour run of a 100-inch head. The winter and 
spring charges, when water is abundant, are intended to be only 
nominal and merely to cover the zanjero's fees. 

COVIN A IRRIGATING COMPANY. 

The Azusa Water Development and Irrigating Company, whose 
name was changed later to the Covina Irrigating Company, was 
incorporated May 20, 1882, capitalized at $5,000, and 6,667 shares 
of stock were issued at a par value of 75 cents per share. As its 
works were extended the capital stock of the company was increased 
at various times, and finally, in October, 1886, it was organized on 
its present basis of 10,000 shares at $50 per share. 

The original company was organized to develop the underflow of 
San Gabriel Canyon and furnish a water supply for summer irriga- 
tion when the surface flow is low. In fulfillment of this purpose 
the tunnel, which cuts through two rock points in a crooked part 
of the canyon, about a mile above its mouth, was undertaken in 1882 
and completed in 1889. This work, about 2,200 feet in length, in 
connection with a bed-rock dam below its upper section, delivers 
about 137 miner's inches, which amount, it was claimed by the pro- 
moters of the enterprise, had been developed by their work. This 
position was contested by other companies holding rights to San 
Gabriel waters, and the matter was not settled until in the compro- 
mise of 1889 one- tenth of the combined natural and developed flow 
of the canyon, so long as this was 1,700 inches or less, was awarded 
to the Covina Company. 

On August 1, 1898, the salvage, which had been construed as 
belonging to the San Gabriel Power Company, whose canal above 
the power house had effected the saving, amounting to one-tenth of 
the total flow at the point of diversion 7 miles above the power 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 



103 



house, after 200 inches had been deducted, was purchased by the 
Covina Company for $66,500. In addition to water from these two 
sources the company receives the share of certain old users, whose 
interests aggregate about one-tenth of the flow of the canyon, and 
delivers this water to its owners at the rate of about 1 inch to 8 acres. 
About 1,465 acres are irrigated under this contract. When the total 
flow of the San Gabriel is 2,000 inches, the Covina Irrigating Com- 
pany receives a total of 593.72 inches, consisting of company water, 
210.7 inches; San Gabriel power water, 180 inches; and "old users" 
or contract water, 203.02 inches. 

Like many other irrigating enterprises previously dependent on 
mountain water for a supply, the Covina Irrigating Company found 
during the dry years of the late nineties that its gravity water was 
insufficient for its needs and it was forced to resort to pumping. With 
this contingency in view, 104 acres of land one-half mile south of 
Lordsburg had been purchased for $20,000 on November 25, 1896. 
During 1898 and 1899 ten wells were bored on this property, a 
100-horsepower steam engine and compressor were installed (Nos. 
200-201) at a cost of $14,000, and a 12- and 16-inch pipe line was 
laid westward 6 miles from the pumping plant to the main canal. 

March 21, 1899, 40 acres of water-bearing land were bought in San 
Dimas Wash for $10,000. A well (No. 242, Pomona quadrangle) 
was sunk shortly afterward on this property, equipped with a steam 
and air plant at a total cost of $5,000, and a 16-inch pipe line was laid 
to connect this plant with the system. Later in 1899 several hun- 
dred acres additional were purchased in San Dimas Wash at an out- 
lay of about $15,000. In 1900 a plant (No. 230, Pomona quadrangle) 
was installed on this property, and connections with the system were 
effected. A further extension of the pumping system was made in 
1904 by the addition of a small gasoline engine as an auxiliary to 
the Lordsburg plant. 

The volume of this pumped water varies with the seasons, since 
it is used only to augment the canyon flow. During the summer of 
1904, following an unfavorable winter, San Gabriel Kiver was very 
low, and the pumping plants were in operation for a longer period 
than during any previous season. The following statement sum- 
marizes these operations: 

Operations of Covina Irrigating Company's pumping plants, 1904. 



No. of plant. 



200-201 

200-201, gasoline adjunct 

230 

242 



Time 


Average 


operated. 


yield. 


Days. 


Inches. 


224 


90 


12 


30 


139 


25 


115 


37 



Cost per 
hour-inch. 



Cents. 

1.4 

2.13 
2.65 



104 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

During this season the volume of pumped and canyon water 
delivered by the Covina Irrigating Company was as follows: Com- 
pany water, 66,483 hour heads (25 miner's inches), equivalent to 
189.75 inches continuous flow; contract water, 24,375 hour heads, 
equivalent to 69.6 inches continuous flow; alien water, 4,432 hour 
heads, equivalent to 12.6 inches continuous flow. 

The company owns 5 J miles of the original Azusa Water Develop- 
ment and Irrigating Company's canal, built in 1885 at a cost of 
$40,000. This canal is cement lined, averages 4 feet in depth, and is 
from 4 to 8 feet wide. It ends in a 15,000,000-gallon cement-lined 
reservoir, located about 1 mile northeast of Covina. This reservoir 
was built in 1887 at a cost of $13,000. In addition to the canal and 
reservoir, which form the main artery and regulator of the system, 
there are nearly 1,200 feet of 16-inch, over 60,000 feet of 12-inch, 
44,200 feet of 10-inch, and 1,500 feet of 8-inch cement mains and 
distributing pipe. '• 

The stock of the Covina Irrigating Company is practically all held 
by landowners, although it is not appurtenant to the land and there 
is no provision in the charter prohibiting outside ownership. Nor 
is there any restriction as to the number of shares that may be 
acquired per acre, the irrigator being free to purchase as much stock 
as he thinks he needs. It is said that this condition occasionally 
results in abuse, and that a certain amount of trickery sometimes 
appears in the practical operation of the system. For instance, a 
part of the water stock pertaining to a given tract may be sold, leav- 
ing the property without a sufficient water supply. The land with 
the remaining stock may then be sold to some outsider who is not 
familiar with local conditions and who believes that he is buying 
enough water to irrigate his acreage. 

All of the company water, gravity and pumped, is apportioned to 
stock, independent of acreage, and is distributed in rotation by 
schedule. Usually in midsummer a 25-inch head is given a six-hour 
run to each 10 acres, but a 50- or 100-inch head may be used at the 
option of the irrigator. The regular charge for delivery is at the 
rate of $2.50 per 100 inches for a twelve-hour run, and the annual 
water charge therefor is from $1.25 to $1.50 per acre. In addition to 
this, stock is assessed for whatever expense there may be in operating 
and maintaining the system in excess of the water receipts. This 
annual assessment varies from $2 to $3.50 per share. In 1904 water 
collections amounted to $5,126 and stock assessments to $30,000. 
There are 243 stockholders in the company, and water is delivered 
to about 350 irrigators, including the contractors. Many of the 
latter are stockholders also. 

There are about 3,000 acres under the Covina system, but as an 
indefinite part of this acreage is supplied with water from outside 






IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 105 

sources, it is not possible to state just the area irrigated by the Covina 
Company. The Citrus Belt Water Company supplies accessory 
water to the upper part of the district, between Glendora and Azusa, 
and the Columbia Water Company to the lower lands in the neigh- 
borhood of Covina. Most of the stockholders in these companies 
hold stock in the Covina Irrigating Company also. 

AZUSA AGRICULTURAL WATER COMPANY. 

In 1887 J. S. Slauson, J. D. Bicknell, and others, owners of 4,500 
of the 5,000 acres in the Azusa ranch, combined these lands and the 
waters belonging thereto, forming an organization under the name of 
the Azusa Land and Water Company. The next year the Azusa 
Agricultural Water Company was organized with 6,000 shares, of a 
par value of $100 each, and the water rights of the Azusa Land and 
Water Company were transferred to it. Two shares of stock in the 
water company were conveyed with each acre of land sold by the 
Land and Water Company. 

The rights of these companies, which depended on those of Mr. 
Dalton, former owner of the Azusa ranch, were not definitely settled 
until by the compromise of 1889 they were awarded T 9 gV of the total 
San Gabriel flow up to 1,700 inches, and T Vo of the excess over this 
amount. This apportionment, like that of all the other claimants to 
San Gabriel waters, has since been altered by the award of one-tenth 
of these waters to the San Gabriel Power Company as salvage. 

The San Gabriel Canyon waters of the Azusa Agricultural Water 
Company reach the Azusa district through the Azusa canal, which 
carries the water of the Azusa Irrigating Company also. The division 
is effected at a point about one-quarter of a mile southeast of the 
Azusa ice house, where the water of the Azusa Agricultural Water 
Company enters its own system. This system, l>y means of which 
900 acres, chiefly in oranges and lemons, are irrigated, includes about 
4 miles of open cement flume 12 by 14 inches, and 4 miles of 8-, 10-, 
and 14-inch cement pipe. A reservoir with a capacity of 1,000,000 
gallons has been built at a cost of $2,000. 

The canyon water of this system has been supplemented by 
pumped water, a well (No. 255, Pomona quadrangle) just within the 
mouth of San Gabriel Canyon having been sunk in 1901 and equipped 
with a 30-horsepower electric motor at a total cost of $5,000. The 
water is pumped into the main canal and is taken out with the rest of 
the Azusa Agricultural Water Company's water, one-quarter of a 
mile southeast of the Azusa ice house. About 50 miner's inches are 
reported to be developed by this well. During the spring of 1905 
another well was sunk in the wash, about one-half mile below the 
mouth of the canyon, and 8,440 feet of 16- and 20-inch cement pipe 
were laid to connect with the Azusa irrigating ditch above Azusa. 



106 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 

The water supply of this company is prorated to stock and dis- 
tributed at intervals of four to six weeks. The domestic supply for 
the city of Azusa is taken from the Azusa Agricultural Water Com- 
pany's share of the San Gabriel water, and in addition 39 families 
outside the town are supplied with domestic water. 

CITRUS BELT WATER COMPANY. 

The Citrus Belt Water Company was organized in 1900 by a 
number of irrigators in the district south and southwest of Glendora. 
They were owners of stock in the Covina Irrigating Company, who 
desired to supplement their portion of canyon water with pumped 
water. The capital stock of the new company was fixed at $35,000, 
divided into 500 shares with a par value of $70. Two hundred and 
thirty-five shares have been issued. 

In the fall of 1900 the company purchased 42 J acres in San Dimas 
Wash, 5 or 6 miles from the lands of the stockholders, sunk a well, 
and installed a pumping plant. This plant consists of a 105-horse- 
power steam engine and centrifugal pump, and its capacity is given 
as 75 miner's inches. The cost of installation was $4,000. About 8 
miles of 10- and 12-inch cement pipe, costing $9,000, and a reservoir 
costing $1,050 constitute the main distributing system. The water 
is delivered to each irrigator in turn in 25- or 50-inch heads, at inter- 
vals of two weeks. It costs the stockholders, of whom there are 43, 
about 2\ cents per hour-inch. The investments of the company is 
summarized by its officers as follows : 

Property of Citrus Belt Water Company. 

Land, 43£ acres $10, 000 

Cement pipe, 3 miles 12-inch, 5 miles 10-inch 9, 000 

Pumping plant, 105 horsepower 4, 000 

Reservoir 1, 050 

24, 050 

COLUMBIA LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The Columbia Land and Water Company, like the Citrus Belt 
Company, was organized by stockholders of the Covina Irrigating 
Company to supply pumped water to their lands at times when the 
canyon flow is low. The company was organized in April, 1899, and 
capitalized at $60,000, divided into 600 shares. Twenty acres of land 
were acquired in San Dimas Wash, with two wells and pumping 
plants (No. 241, Pomona quadrangle) and several miles of pipe line. 
Each pumping plant is equipped with a 30-horsepower gas engine 
and centrifugal pump. The initial combined capacity of the two is 
given as 50 inches, which falls to 30 inches as the water level declines 
with continuous pumping. The pumps are operated twelve hours 
per day and about five months of each year, from June until the 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 107 

beginning of the rains. A full head is used in irrigating and is 
charged for at the rate of $1 per hour, which, inasmuch as the amount 
of water in a head varies, equals 2 to 3 cents per hour-inch. The 
distributing system includes a reservoir built in 1904, and about 5 
miles of 8- to 12-inch main, extending from the wells to the reservoir, 
1 mile northeast of Covina. 
The company's investment is as follows: 

Property of Columbia Land and Water Company. 

Wells and pumping plants $3, 700 

Pipe lines, 5 miles 5, 000 

Reservoir 2, 500 

Real estate 1, 000 

12, 200 

WESTERN WATER AND POWER COMPANY. 

The predecessor of the Western Water and Power Company, the 
Glendora Water Company, was organized in 1887, with a capital 
stock of $62,500, divided into 1,250 shares, the par value being $50 
each. Lands were acquired at once in Big Dalton Canyon, which 
gave to the company the control of all of this canyon and its water 
rights except 120 acres with the water pertaining thereto. This 
amount belonged to the Mountain Base Water Company until 1888, 
when it was purchased by the Glendora Water Company for $5,000, 
thus placing in the latter company complete control of Big Dalton 
Canyon and all its water rights. From 1887 to 1898, inclusive, the 
capital stock of the company was paid up in full and the money 
expended in improvements and betterments, approximately as 
follows : 

Expenditures of Glendora Water Company. 

Lands and riparian rights 810, 000 

Reservoirs, 3; combined capacity, 2,500,000 gallons 8, 000 

Puddle dam in Big Dalton Canyon 8, 000 

Tunnel (1,200 feet) in Big Dalton Canyon for developing water 14, 000 

Supply pipe (8-, 10-, and 12-inch) for conducting waters from Big Dalton Can- 
yon to Glendora and vicinity 10, 000 

Distributing pipe (12 miles, 1^- to 4-inch) for distributing water in Glendora . . 13, 000 

63, 000 

During the trying years from 1897 to 1900 the Glendora Company, 
like the majority of southern California water companies, found its 
gravity supply insufficient to maintain the acreage already under 
irrigation, and it became necessary to resort to pumping. In 1901 
160 acres were purchased in San Dimas Wash, in which several 
successful wells had already been located; two 12-inch wells (Xos. 232 
and 233, Pomona quadrangle), each about 500 feet deep, were bored, 



108 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEBN CALIFORNIA, 

and a 250-horsepower pumping plant was installed and connected 
with a No. 6 centrifugal pump in each well. A 14-inch pipe line was 
then laid from the wells to connect with the Dalton Canyon line, 5 
miles away. The wells produce about 125 miner's inches. These 
additions to the system were effected by means of a loan of $41,500 
negotiated in 1901, the company's property serving as security. The 
details of the expenditures are about as follows: Land, $20,000; 
wells, $5,000; pumping plant, $10,000; supply pipe, $7,000. From 
1901 to 1904 about $20,000 additional was expended on the pumping 
plant and branch pipe lines, and a considerable reduction was made 
in the company's indebtedness. As the expenditures and the value 
of the property owned exceeded the capital stock of the Glendora 
Water Company by a large amount, a reorganization seemed desirable. 
This was effected in April, 1904, by a sale of the company's property 
to the Western Water and Power Company, of Chicago, 111. The 
capital stock of the newer organization is fixed at $100,000, divided 
into 1,000 shares whose par value is $100 each. 

Since this sale the Western Water and Power Company has bought 
out the Alosta Water and Development Company, consisting of 
lands that control the water rights of Little Dalton Canyon and a, 
system of pipe lines from this canyon to Alosta, just south of Glen- 
dora. Thus the present organization owns all the gravity water 
from Big and Little Dalton canyons and the pumping plant in San 
Dimas Wash. The gravity water is used when it is available ; during 
favorable years it is sufficient to supply the system until after June 1 , 
and yields a portion of the water required until a later date. The 
pumps are operated during the summer and fall. 

Water rights have been sold to purchasers at 2 J and 4 cents per 
hour-inch. The rights have no relation to the lands, except that 
many of the large stockholders in the company are also large land- 
owners under the Glendora system, so that their interests are identical. 

GLENDORA-AZUSA WATER COMPANY. 

The Glendora- Azusa Water Company was incorporated August 29, 
1898, and capitalized at $48,450, divided into 484§ shares with a par 
value of $100 each. In 1898 170 acres of land were purchased in 
San Dimas Wash, at a cost of about $6,000. In 1900 a pumping 
plant was installed, and in 1902 a second well was sunk and equipped 
with pumping machinery. Centrifugal pumps are used in both wells 
(No. 231, Pomona quadrangle), a 75-horsepower motor running one 
and a 100-horsepower motor the other. The water is conducted from 
the wells through 10 or 11 miles of concrete pipe line to the lands 
served, lying west of Glendora, and distributed there. The system 
also includes one small reservoir with a capacity of about 200,000 
gallons. 









IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 109 

This is one of the systems developed partly to supplement the flow 
from San Gabriel Canyon, a part of the lands served lying below the 
Azusa and Covina canals and receiving gravity water from them. 
The pumping season of the Glendora-Azusa Company, therefore, 
varies with the supply of gravity water, being shortest during seasons 
of greatest rainfall. From 500 to 1,000 acres are wholly or partially 
supplied with water, which is distributed at a cost of 2h cents per hour- 
inch. The average output during the season of 1905 is given at some- 
thing less than 100 inches. 

IRWINDALE WATER COMPANIES. 

In the lower part of the Azusa water district, near Irwindale, three 
companies have been organized and pumping plants have been in- 
stalled to develop underground water to serve as a supplement to the 
San Gabriel Canyon water. These are the Orange Avenue Land and 
Water Company, the Irwindale Land and Water Company, and the 
Cypress Avenue Land and Water Company. 

ORANGE AVENUE LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The Orange Avenue Company was organized in September, 1902, 
with a capital of $4,500, divided into 300 shares, distributed among 18 
stockholders, all landowners. The plant consists of a well (No. 82, 
Pomona quadrangle) equipped with a 75-horsepower steam pumping 
plant. There is no pipe line, water being distributed to the stock- 
holders directly or through the system of the Azusa Irrigating Com- 
pany. The water costs the stockholders 1.55 cents per hour-inch, and 
is sold to outsiders for 3 cents per hour-inch. Distribution is effected 
in 25-, 50-, or 100-inch heads, as desired. About 380 acres are reported 
to be under irrigation. 

IRWINDALE LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The Irwindale Land and Water Company was incorporated Sep- 
tember 19, 1899, and capitalized at $5,000, divided into 500 shares, 
which are distributed among 21 stockholders. Soon after organiza- 
tion one-tenth of an acre of land was purchased close to Irwindale, a 
well was sunk (No. 83, Pomona quadrangle), and a pumping plant was 
installed upon it. The plant consists of a 30-horsepower steam engine 
and Worthington pump, and its capacity is given as 60 inches. The 
output is pumped into the Azusa Irrigating Company's system and 
distributed through it. Distribution is effected in full heads, each 
share of stock being entitled to one hour's run monthly. The charge 
to stockholders is 2 cents per hour-inch, and to outsiders 3 cents per 
hour-inch. The water is used only to supplement the cheaper canyon 
water. 



110 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

CYPRESS AVENUE WATER COMPANY. 

The Cypress Avenue Water Company was organized in 1900 with a 
capital stock of $10,000, divided into 400 shares having a par value of 
$25 each; 202 shares have been subscribed for. The company oper- 
ates a plant (No. 92, Pomona qadrangle) equipped with a 125-horse- 
power steam engine and centrifugal pump, reported to produce 113 
inches of water. An independent steel pipe line, 1,300 feet in length, 
is also owned by the company. About one-half of the water is pumped 
into the Azusa Irrigating Company's system and the other half is dis- 
tributed directly to stockholders. The water costs stockholders 1 
cent per hour-inch; a charge of 3 cents per hour-inch is made to out- 
siders. All the members are stockholders in the Azusa Irrigating 
Company. 

VINELAND IRRIGATION DISTRICT. 

The Vineland irrigation district was organized in 1891, to include 
4,000 acres in the vicinity of Vineland, just east of San Gabriel Wash. 
It claimed certain rights to San Gabriel Canyon waters, and these 
rights were sold with the land in the district. In the disputes which 
followed, however, the rights claimed by the district were given up in 
return for the installation of a pumping plant by the San Gabriel 
Power Company on a well which had been sunk by the Vineland irri- 
gators on their tract. Such irrigation as is carried on in the district 
now depends on developed water from this plant, and inasmuch as the 
soil is sandy and porous and requires a large amount of water, and 
pumped water costs from 2 to 2 J cents per hour-inch, it has not been 
found practicable to irrigate vineyards or deciduous fruits. About 
120 acres of citrus fruits, walnuts, and vegetables are irrigated, and 
perhaps 80 acres more are under cultivation. 

An open stone ditch about 12 by 18 inches in size extends from the 
mouth of San Gabriel Canyon^to a point 1 mile north of this district. 
This ditch catches some water from the Azusa ice-house waste ditch in 
winter, and this water is sometimes used by the Vineland irrigators. 

DUARTE WATER COMPANIES. 
RIGHTS. 

The Duarte district is supplied with water by the Duarte Mutual 
Irrigation and Canal Company and the Beardslee Water Ditch Com- 
pany. The upper part of the tract, consisting of about 1,000 acres, 
principally in citrus orchards, receives water from the former com- 
pany. This area lies close to the base of the San Gabriel Mountains, 
on the sloping bench lands northwest of San Gabriel Wash. It 
extends from northeast to southwest a distance of 3 miles, and ranges 
in width from three-eighths of a mile at the eastern extremity to 1} 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. Ill 

miles on the west. The Beardslee Water Ditch Company serves about 
400 acres of alluvial lands lying above San Gabriel Wash and adjoining 
the Duarte district on the west and south. 

It is claimed that the rights of the Duarte irrigators to San Gabriel 
River water date back to 1854, when Andres Duarte, the owner of the 
rancho, constructed a ditch and diverted a part of the San Gabriel flow 
to the west side. In 1859 or 1860, N. Beardslee acquired a part of the 
Duarte ranch by purchase, with the right to take water from the river 
for irrigation, and in the later year constructed a branch ditch to the 
lower Duarte neighborhood. 

In 1872 Alexander Weil succeeded to the ownership of the Duarte 
interests, subdivided a part of the ranch, and sold off numerous small 
parcels along the upper part of the ranch, close to the base of the 
mountains, with rights to the Duarte ditch waters. In 1875 Mr. 
Beardslee sold several small tracts with rights to his share of river 
water, and in 1881 the purchasers of Ins lands and water rights organ- 
ized and incorporated the Beardslee Water Ditch Company. In Feb- 
ruary, 1882, the property owners who had succeeded to the water 
rights of the Duarte ditch incorporated the Duarte Mutual Irrigation 
and Canal Company. For several years the flow through the joint 
ditch was divided equally between the two companies, but when the 
present works were built (1882-1887) and paid for by arrangement 
between the two companies in the proportion of 1,260 parts by the 
Duarte to 225 parts by the Beardslee company, the latter released to 
the former one-third of its one-half interest, so that two-thirds of the 
water right and works are now owned by the Duarte Mutual and one- 
third by the Beardslee company. Originally the two companies 
claimed one-third of the total flow of San Gabriel River. In the com- 
promise agreement of 1889, by which all claims to the river water 
were adjusted, the Duarte companies were given title to three-tenths 
of the flow, surface and developed, when the total is equal to or less 
than 1,700 inches and ^ff of all excess over 1,700 inches. 

In 1898 the San Gabriel Power Company acquired by right of sal- 
vage one-tenth of the total canyon flow, less 200 miner's inches, and 
disposed of this interest to the Covina Irrigating Company. Since 
this right was acquired, the total flow minus the above-mentioned 
proportion of salvage water has been divided as stipulated in the 
compromise agreement. As the flow of the San Gabriel fluctuates 
with the seasons and the rainfall, the supply of gravity water avail- 
able for the use of the Duarte and Beardslee irrigators varies greatly 
in volume. During the irrigating seasons following dry winters, their 
combined share of San Gabriel River water sometimes falls as low as 
75 inches. The maximum received is about 600 inches. 

The Duarte and Beardslee irrigators claim and utilize the water of 
Fish Creek when the flow from that source is of sufficient volume to 



112 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 






reach their system. This occurs only during the rainy season. The 
waters of Fish Creek after the winter storms are clearer than those of 
the San Gabriel and are preferred and taken, for at that season the 
use is confined for the most part to domestic service. 

JOINT WORKS. 

The Duarte and Beardslee share of the San Gabriel water is taken 
out from the main associated water companies' canal at the San 
Gabriel Power Company's station a short distance below the mouth 
of the canyon. The water is conducted westward across the old east- 
side gravel wash to the main river channel through a 30-inch wood 
pipe, 1,000 feet in length, and a bowlder and cement lined ditch 1,500 
feet long. The river crossing is effected by means of a steel siphon 
24 inches in diameter, sunk deep below the bed of the river and 
cased heavily in cement and rock. From the river channel westward 
to the point of division between the two companies, the work consists 
of 2,700 feet of rock-paved and cemented ditch, 1,200 feet of brick- 
lined culvert, and 1,300 feet of 26-inch cement pipe. The entire 
conduit from the point of diversion at the San Gabriel power house 
to the division box, near the east end of the Duarte tract, is about If 
miles in length and cost $15,000. 

DUARTE MUTUAL IRRIGATION AND CANAL COMPANY. 

The Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Company was incorpo- 
rated in February, 1882, and capitalized at $12,590, divided into 
1,259 shares, the par value being $10 per share. The capital stock 
has not been increased, but the market value of each share is now 
about $100. The stock is transferable and not appurtenant to the 
land, but practically all of it is held by landowners. 

Water is delivered to stockholders only, and is divided on the 
principle of measurement of time in proportion to holdings of stock — 
that is, if the owner of 20 shares is entitled to a run of one head for 
twenty-four hours, the owner of 30 shares is entitled to a run of one 
head for thirty-six hours. The regular irrigating head used is 35 
inches, but the period of rotation varies with the amount of water 
available. When the supply is low the division is made on half 
time, and an irrigator who would ordinarily be entitled to a run of 
twenty-four hours receives water for only twelve hours. There is no 
charge for the water as such, but the running expenses of the com- 
pany, which include zanjero's and secretary's fees and maintenance 
charges, amount to about $1 per acre per year. Betterments and 
interest on indebtedness and payments on principal are met by sepa- 
rate assessments, which have been as high as $9 per acre annually. 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 113 

In 1900-1901 this company bought an acre of ground in the eastern 
part of the district, sunk a well (No. 73, Pomona quadrangle), and 
installed a 60-horsepower steam engine and Wigmore pump, at a cost 
of $17,000. The capacity of this plant is stated to be about 60 inches, 
and the water delivered costs the irrigators 1J cents per hour-inch. 
In 1904 another well was sunk above the first plant and adjoining the 
company's main pipe line. This well is 133 feet in depth, and a 4 by 
6 foot tunnel has been driven horizontally from the bottom of the 
shaft for a distance of 125 feet into the gravels. The well is equipped 
with a 60-horsepower gas engine and a No. 6 centrifugal pump. The 
cost of the plant was $10,000. These two wells are used to supply 
accessory water during periods when the canyon flow is low. 

The main distributing system of the Duarte Company, below the 
point of division between it and the Beardslee Company, consists of 
a 3,000,000-gallon reservoir which cost $5,000, and trvo main cement 
conduits, each about 2\ miles long. The upper conduit is 22 inches 
in diameter and the lower 16 inches. These lines, together with the 
distributing laterals, cost $15,000. About 1,000 acres are under 
irrigation. 

BEARDSLEE WATER DITCH COMPANY. 

The Beardslee Water Ditch Company was incorporated in Septem- 
ber, 1881, with a capital stock of $2,250, divided into 225 shares. In 
1884 this was increased to $20,000, divided into 630 shares. The 
market value is reported to be about $100 per share. This com- 
pany, as has been stated, receives one-third of the west-side San 
Gabriel waters and one-third of the flow of Fish Creek, and in addition 
to maintaining its own canals and reservoirs, assumes one-third of the 
expense of maintaining and repairing that part of the west-side sys- 
tem, which it owns jointly with the Duarte Mutual Irrigation and 
Canal Company. 

Below the point of division between the two west-side companies 
the water of the Beardslee Company is conducted through 3 miles of 
12- and 14-inch cement pipe to a reservoir above the company's lands. 
This reservoir has a capacity of 2,000,000 gallons, and was constructed 
in 1898 at a cost of $7,500. Below the reservoir the company owns 
about If miles of distributing pipe. Other laterals have been laid by 
stockholders at their own expense, and the company water is distrib- 
uted largely through these private lines. 

The available water is divided into two heads, and each share is 
given a run of one head for fifteen minutes each week. The company 
has no zanjero, but each irrigator has a schedule giving the exact 
time when he may use the water, and when the proper time comes he 
himself turns it on. 

47505— irk 219—08 8 



114 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFORNIA. 

The company has no accessory pumping plants, and its expenses 
are light, so that the annual cost of the water to the users is only 
about $1 per acre. The crops raised are diversified, and include 
citrus and deciduous fruits, alfalfa, and garden products. 

MONROVIA WATER COMPANY. 

The surface flow from Sawpit Canyon, which discharges into the 
San Gabriel Valley just north of Monrovia, was divided originally 
between the Bradbury and Santa Anita ranches. In 1886 the Mon- 
rovia Water Company was organized, and in 1887 it acquired the 
Santa Anita rights. Improvements were at once instituted in the 
canyon system, and on the basis of these improvements the company 
claimed and later obtained possession of four-fifths of all water flowing 
there. 

The original conduit was a 20-inch cement line running into the 
canyon about half a mile from the reservoir at its mouth. Below the 
reservoir the water was distributed through 2 miles of 12-inch cement 
pipe laid along the Santa Anita- Azusa grant line. After its purchase 
of the Santa Anita rights the Monrovia Water Company expended 
$60,000 in constructing pipe lines in Sawpit and one of its tributary 
canyons. About 17,000 feet of 6-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch iron and 
steel pipe were laid in the two canyons and connected with the 
original cement line. 

Finding that the canyon water was not sufficient to supply the 
needs of the city, the company bought 5 acres of land in 1898 for 
$1,700 on the Chapman ranch, 3| miles to the west. Three wells 
were sunk on this property, an 80-horsepower steam and air plant 
was installed, a reservoir built, and a 12-inch pressure main laid east- 
ward 5 miles to connect with the city system. The total cost of 
these improvements was about $40,000. 

Originally the city of Monrovia sold water rights with the city 
property, but water is now disposed of independently of property 
interests, though none is distributed outside the city limits. 

An average of 120 miner's inches is now distributed during the 
irrigating season, about two-thirds of it being used to irrigate 900 
acres of land. The remainder is utilized as a domestic supply for 
550 to 600 families. The irrigating water is distributed in 25-inch 
heads, each acre receiving this amount for not more than four hours 
during each interval of four or five weeks. Two cents per hour-inch 
is charged for this water. 

SANTA ANITA COMPANY. 

The Santa Anita Water Company was incorporated July 9, 1886, 
with a capital stock of $300,000, divided into 3,000 shares. The 
company was organized for the purpose of supplying water to the 






IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 115 

Santa Anita tract of 3,000 acres, and stock was issued on the basis of 
one share per acre. 

Originally controlling and utilizing one-half of the flow of both 
Sawpit and Santa Anita canyons, about the year 1890 the company 
entered into a contract with the city of Monrovia, by the terms of 
which it turned over to the city the control and use of the waters of 
Sawpit Canyon. It was stipulated in return that the city should 
supply those lands of the Santa Anita rancho that lie north of the 
south boundary of the city and east of an irregular line which con- 
forms closely with its western boundary. The Santa Anita Water 
Company retained the half interest in the water and works of Santa 
Anita Canyon and undertook the delivery of water to stockholders 
west of Monrovia. 

The works in Santa Anita Canyon were built jointly by the com- 
pany and E. J. Baldwin, who owns one-half interest in the canyon 
waters. They consist of a low dam about half a mile above the can- 
yon mouth, a short tunnel, the necessary gates and wasteways, and 
1,800 feet of 20-inch cement pipe, leading to a partitioner, where the 
waters are divided between the joint owners. Below the partitioner 
are something more than 6 miles of 4-inch to 12-inch pipe, which 
serve as main conduit and distribution system. 

The Santa Anita Company's share of this canyon water, stated by 
officers of the company to average about 25 inches during the irrigat- 
ing season, is not sufficient to supply the needs of the irrigators, and 
a supplementary supply is procured from a well and pumping plant 
(Xo. 254, Pasadena quadrangle) belonging to E. J. Baldwin. 

Canyon water is appurtenant to the Santa Anita tract, and is 
distributed only to shareholders, of whom there were nineteen in 
1906. 

BALDWIN SYSTEMS. 

E. J. Baldwin holds in private ownership one-half the waters of 
Santa Anita and Little Santa Anita canyons, all of the flow from the 
cienagas and artesian wells in the vicinity of Santa Anita, a part of 
the waters which rise in the moist lands above the Paso de Bartolo, 
and a number of pumping plants on the Santa Anita rancho, which 
are utilized as needed. The diversion works in Santa Anita Canyon 
have been briefly described in connection with the account of the 
Santa Anita Water Company, joint owner of the water, diversion 
dam, and main pipe line. The ownership in the Little Santa Anita 
water is shared with the Sierra Madre Water Company, and the 
works at the point of diversion are also jointly owned. These joint 
works consist of a tunnel 230 feet long at the head of the system, 
about one-third mile above the canyon opening, and a 10-inch 
cement pipe about 4,000 feet long which leads to a division box 



116 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHER^ CALIFORNIA. 

where the waters are partitioned between the two interests. Below 
this partition ?r a 6-inch concrete pipe about 2 miles in length con- 
ducts the Baldwin share of the water to the lands on which it is used. 
This share is reported to amount to 10 or 15 inches during irrigating 
seasons, which follow winters of good rainfall. 

The springs and artesian wells are distributed along the upper side 
of the irregular ridge which extends from above Monrovia to Ray- 
mond Hill. This district has always been an area of moist lands, 
and has furnished irrigation water since the settlement of the country. 
On the Santa Anita rancho are about 12 artesian wells, and the 
moist-land waters are collected by means of open ditches and tile 
drains; the combined yield from these sources is given as about 80 
inches during the irrigating season. 

Pumping plants have been installed at wells Nos. 273, 480, and 481 
(Pasadena quadrangle), and when these are in operation a very much 
larger amount of water is obtained, their combined capacity being 
reported by the owner at 250 miner's inches. 

Just above the Paso de Bartolo and between Lexington Wash and 
San Gabriel River the rising waters which are characteristic of this 
section are collected in earthen ditches and conducted through these 
and some small wooden flumes to lands within the pass and on 
either side of Rio Hondo, where they are used for irrigation. The 
flow in these ditches sometimes exceeds 150 inches. 

In the vicinity of Santa Anita about 1,200 or 1,400 acres are 
under irrigation by the Baldwin and Santa Anita systems. Citrus 
and deciduous fruits, grapes, and alfalfa are grown. 

SIERRA MADRE WATER COMPANY. 

The Sierra Madre Water Company was organized by N. C. Carter, 
owner of the Sierra Madre tract, in 1882. At first there were ,1,100 
shares, one share to each acre of land in the tract, and as the par 
value of each share was $10, the capitalization was $11,000. August 
24, 1894, the capital stock was increased to 8,800 shares, with a 
par value of $10 each. The original water supply came solely from 
Little Santa Anita Canyon, one-half of the surface flow of which 
belonged to the Sierra Madre Company and one-half to the owner of 
the Santa Anita rancho. This supply proving unreliable during 
the summer season, a well (No. 258, Pasadena quadrangle) was 
installed in the eastern part of the tract in 1900 and connected with 
the company's distributing system. Two engines are installed at 
the well, a 25-horsepower Columbus to operate the lift pump, and 
a 30-horsepower to operate the force pump, which drives the water 
up the slope to the higher parts of the system. The cost of the well, 
pumping plant, and distributing pipes is estimated at $13,000. 
Meters are installed in the system, and the pumped water is charged 
for at the rate of 10 cents per 1,000 gallons. 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 



117 



PRECIPICE CANYON WATER COMPANY. 

The Precipice Canyon Water Company was incorporated in 1887 
by four individual owners of all of the water rights in Precipice or 
Eaton Canyon. The organization was effected on the basis of 
12,500 shares, the par value of each share being $50. Each of the 
incorporators received a number of shares directly proportionate to 
his original rights in the canyon waters. Since the organization 2,500 
shares have been sold in small lots to fifteen or twenty individuals, 
while the remaining 10,000 shares are held by four stockholders. 

The company owns 3 or 4 miles of pipe line. Some of the stock- 
holders own small reservoirs, but the company itself owns none. 

The water is divided among the shareholders, each owner receiving 
an amount proportionate to his ownership of stock. This water, 
however, is not appurtenant to the land, and shareholders need not 
be owners of realty. An owner of stock may, therefore, grant his 
proportion of water to whomever he may choose. About 120 acres 
of citrus fruits are irrigated by the system, and perhaps 200 acres of 
grapes receive water during the winter and spring. The expense of 
maintaining the system is borne by assessments on stock. The 
average cost is said to be about 25 cents per share. 

W. I. Allen, manager of the company, furnishes the following table 
of flow from the canyon for a part of 1904 and 1905: 

Flow from Eaton Canyon, in miner'' s inches. 



April . . 
May . . . 
June... 
July... 
August 



1904. 



98.36 
68.44 
27.58 
13.13 
6.35 



1905. 



150. 00 
155. 00 
150. 00 
112.00 
a 60. 00 



September 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 



1904. 



5.05 

7.00 

10.05 

14.07 



1905. 



a Approximate. 
LINCOLN AVENUE WATER COMPANY. 

The Lincoln Avenue Water Company was incorporated March 26, 
1896, and capitalized at $72,000" divided into 7,200 shares, whose par 
value is $10 each. The individual interests that had held the rights 
to which the company succeeded transferred these rights to the com- 
pany and received stock in payment; 3,670 shares have been issued; 
and the market value in 1906 was given as $8 per share. 

The company holds all the water rights of Millard Canyon above 
the falls except those of Saucer Canyon, a small tributary which joins 
the main canyon from the north. This right and that of Millard 
Canyon below the falls are owned by the Giddings family, the water 
being used on Mountain View Cemetery, about 1 mile south of the 
base of the mountains. 



118 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

The 700 acres of the Lincoln avenue tract, the water rights in 
Millard Canyon, and other lands and water rights were acquired by 
the Pasadena Improvement Company in the middle eighties. An 
8-inch steel main was laid from the point of diversion in the canyon 
out to the head of the tract, reservoirs were built, and distributing 
lines were laid. Tins company, however, was disincorporated in 
1893, and the water rights and such lands as had not been sold were 
divided among the stockholders. In 1896, as already stated, the 
present company was formed, largely of interests formerly included 
in the Pasadena Improvement Company. There are 30 to 40 stock- 
holders in the company, all of whom are owners of property in the 
Lincoln avenue tract of 700 acres. Water, however, is not appur- 
tenant to the land, and provision is made in the by-laws for distrib- 
uting water outside the tract if desired. It is estimated that there 
are about 150 acres under irrigation. 

In 1902 the company sunk a well (No. 436, Pasadena quadrangle) 
and installed a steam pumping plant. This plant is in operation 
twelve hours daily during the irrigating season, and is reported to 
yield 25 miner's inches. The canyon flow is said to vary from 3 to 
20 inches, and since it is lowest during the summer and fall, pumped 
water is the principal reliance for irrigation. Canyon water, which 
is used for domestic purposes and during the spring and early summer 
for irrigation, is distributed for 1 cent per 1,000 gallons or less, which 
is something less than half a cent per hour-inch. Pumped water 
costs 6 cents per 1,000 gallons, or about 3 cents per hour-inch. 

The well and pumping plant cost about $10,000. In addition, the 
company owns about 1 \ miles of 8-inch steel main and 5 or 6 miles of 
2- to 6-inch iron distributing pipe. 

SUNNY SLOPE WATER COMPANY. 

The Sunny Slope Water Company was organized by the Sunny 
Slope Land and Water Company and incorporated January 7, 1895, 
with a capital stock of $140,000, divided into 1,400 shares. The 
entire capital stock was issued to the land compan}^ and land was 
sold thereafter with one share of water stock to each acre. The water 
is made appurtenant to the 1,400 acres of land within the Sunny 
Slope tract and can not be delivered by the company outside of this 
area. The company has the right to develop water on 100 acres of 
cienaga land surrounding its pumping plant (No. 465, Pasadena quad- 
rangle). This tract is a part of the long, narrow belt of moist lands 
which lie on the north side of the "dike" extending from Raymond 
Hill, northeastward toward Santa Anita Wash. In the Sunny Slope 
area about 40 wells have been bored at various times, but the majority 
of them were long ago abandoned. The first of these wells was put 
in during the decade between 1860 and 1870, but the maximum flow 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 119 

is reported to have been obtained about 1890, at the end of the wet 
decade which included the winters of 1884 and 1887, with their excep- 
tional rainfall. The artesian flow at that time is given as 140 inches, 
but has steadily declined since. During the irrigating season, while 
pumping is under way, the flow is now an inconsiderable amount. 

Tn 1903 the Sunny Slope Water Company installed a centrifugal 
pump operated by a 20-horsepower motor. The plant, whose cost 
is given at $3,000, has a capacity of 70 miner's inches. The distribu- 
tion system, built before the organization of the present company, 
includes an earthen reservoir, about 60 by 150 by 10 feet, and 4 miles 
of 4-, 6-, and 8-inch steel mains. 

About 250 acres of orange and lemon orchard are irrigated by the 
company, and water is applied once annually to about 500 acres of 
vineyard. Water is distributed in 25-inch heads by schedule in rota- 
tion periods of six weeks, and is charged for at the rate of 1\ cents per 
miner's inch for a twelve-hour run. 

CHAPEA WATER COMPANY. 

The Chapea Water Company was incorporated July 22, 1896, and 
capitalized at $28,000, divided into 400 shares whose par value is $70 
each. 

During the year of organization the company purchased from Mr. 
Chapman, owner of the Chapman ranch, 40 miner's inches of water, 
paying therefor $500 per inch. At that time the water was artesian, 
but with increased drafts on the basin and the installation of pump- 
ing plants on adjacent wells, those from which the Chapea Company 
is supplied ceased to flow and a pumping plant was installed over 
them. The 40 inches furnished in 1905 werepumped. The company 
has no reservoir, but owns 4 miles of 10-, 6-, and 4-inch riveted steel 
pipe, laid in 1896 at a cost of about $8,000. 

Each irrigator receives in a continuous flow during the irrigating 
season a share of the water proportionate to his holdings of stock. 
The irrigation is accomplished on the basis of 1 miner's inch to 5 acres. 
Two hundred acres planted to oranges are under irrigation. The 
total cost to the irrigators, including the salary of $60 per year which 
the secretary, the only paid officer of the company, receives, is $1,200. 

GARVEY WATER COMPANY. 

The Garvey Water Company was organized in 1892, and capital- 
ized at $50,000, divided into 1,000 shares, with a par value of $50 each. 
The company owns a well and pumping plant (No. 58, Pasadena quad- 
rangle) in the old artesian belt 1 mile northwest of North San Gabriel, 
and the water developed there is carried through about 6 miles of 
8-inch steel main to a reservoir in the hills south of San Gabriel 
A alley, overlooking the Garvey tract, upon which the water is used. 



120 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

This reservoir and main were constructed in 1892 at a cost, as given 
by the company's officers, of $31,000. The well is reported to have 
yielded 70 inches of gravity water at the time of purchase, but dur- 
ing the three years from 1903 to 1905 it was necessary to pump 
during the irrigating season, although the gravity flow at the point 
where the well is tapped, 20 feet below the surface, was sufficient 
for a domestic supply for the tract. A centrifugal pump and a 16- 
horsepower electric motor, supplied with power from Pasadena, are 
used when pumping is necessary. 

About 200 acres are irrigated, the water costing the users at the 
rate of $2.50 for a ten-hour run of 30 miner's inches, or five-sixths 
of a cent per hour-inch. Each acre is given a two and one-half hour 
run of 30 inches monthly. 

ALHAMBRA ADDITION WATER COMPANY. 

The Alhambra Addition Water Company was incorporated in 
December, 1883, with a capital stock of $250,000, divided into 2,500 
shares, of a par value of $100 each. The rights to the surface flow 
of El Molino Canyon, which cuts through the Raymond "dike" 
about 1 mile east of Raymond Hill, were purchased from the owner, 
and 50 inches of water were diverted. Up to 1905 ten wells had 
been sunk in the canyon, several of which are pumped by the 30- 
horsepower steam plant and air compressor that have been installed. 
The capacity of the plant is given by the company as 150 inches. 
A number of the wells are not connected with the pumping plant, 
but have been tapped several feet below the surface. The flow 
from these and from the canyon aggregated about 20 inches in the 
spring of 1905. 

The company owns about 20 miles of distributing pipe from 4 to 
16 inches in diameter, laid between 1876 and 1905, from the canyon 
to Alhambra. It also has constructed one 4,000,000-gallon reser- 
voir, and three with a combined capacity of 2,000,000 gallons. It 
owns 27 acres of land — 17 acres in El Molino Canyon and the balance 
in reservoir sites. 

One thousand acres of land in Alhambra and vicinity are irrigated 
at an annual cost to the irrigators of $1 per acre. The water is 
delivered in 25-inch heads, at the request of irrigators. 

EUCLID AVENUE WATER COMPANY. 

The Euclid Avenue Water Company was incorporated December 
24, 1900, with a capital stock of $25,000,^divided into 2,500 shares, 
whose par value is $10 each. Its organizers are the owners of 165 
acres constituting the Los Robles tract, and of a right to 17^ inches 
of water in Los Robles Canyon, a short distance east of the Raymond 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 121 

Hotel. So far 1,325 shares have been issued; these are held exclu- 
sively by owners of realty in the Los Robles tract. 

The first development work in the canyon was a tunnel which fur- 
nished a gravity flow. This flow ceased in 1898. In 1901, after the 
organization of the present company, a small tract of land was bought 
in Los Robles Canyon for $250, a well (No. 53, Pasadena quadrangle) 
was sunk, and a small pumping plant was installed. At the same 
time another small tract half a mile farther up the canyon was pur- 
chased. This tract is held in reserve. The well in use is equipped 
with a centrifugal pump, run by a 15-horsepower motor. It is 
reported that 26 inches of water are developed. 

The company owns 1J miles of steel distributing pipe and a reser- 
voir of 1,000,000 gallons capacity. The pipe lines were laid and the 
reservoir constructed in 1891. 

The 165 acres of the original tract are irrigated at a cost of $15 per 
acre per year, but no water is sold outside this tract. The water is 
distributed in heads of 40 weir inches, "Pasadena module" (equiv- 
alent to about 18 miner's inches), at intervals of approximately six 
weeks. 

MARENGO WATER COMPANY. 

The Marengo Water Company was organized December 27, 1884, 
on the basis of a capitalization of $250,000, divided into 5,000 shares, 
with a par value of $50 each. An area of 1,250 acres, comprising 
what was originally known as the Bacon ranch, but later was divided 
into the Raymond Improvement Company tract and the Marengo 
tract, is entitled to water, four shares of stock having been allotted 
to each of the original 1,250 acres. 

The first source of water for this acreage was a series of springs 
which represented overflow from the Pasadena Basin across the 
Raymond Hill dike, but as these springs dried away the water supply 
was maintained by developments consisting of wells and tunnels 
along San Pasqual Wash to the north and west of Raymond Hill. 
The first tunnel was driven under the hills west of the Raymond 
Hotel in 1883, and for a time furnished a supply of about 20 miner's 
inches, but this flow dwindled and the tunnel is not now used. A 
later tunnel driven east of Raymond Hill into San Pasqual Wash 
furnishes a constant flow, which is given as 45 inches during the winter 
months and 30 inches during the summer months. In addition to 
this tunnel development the company has in use two 12-inch wells, 
located at the upper end of San Pasqual Wash, in the south end of 
the Pasadena Basin. An Ames pump driven by a gasoline engine 
and a Wood pump driven by electrical power constitute the equipment 
of these wells, which are reported to yield about 40 inches each. 



122 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOTJTHEKN CALIFOBNIA. 

The distribution system includes a covered and cement-lined 
reservoir 450 by 100 by 7J feet, with a capacity of 2,500,000 gallons. 
There are a number of miles of pipe line from 2 to 10 inches in diameter 
and 220 meters representing domestic users. Only about 160 acres 
of the original tract are now under cultivation as agricultural lands, 
and these are planted to orange groves almost exclusively. The 
rate charged for water used in irrigation is $2 per day of ten hours 
for a head of 25 weir inches. For water used for domestic purposes 
$1.25 is charged for the first 1,300 cubic feet and 6 cents per 100 
cubic feet for all in excess of this amount. 

MONTEBELLO LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The Montebello Land and Water Company was incorporated Feb- 
ruary 10, 1900, and capitalized at $125,000, divided into 1,250 shares, 
with a par value of $100 each. The company was organized for the 
purpose of supplying the Montebello tract of 1,250 acres, lying 3 or 4 
miles southwest of the Paso de Bartolo, with water. One share of 
stock is issued with each acre of land sold. This share entitles the 
holder to a twelve-hour run of 7 J inches monthly, a rate of about 1 
miner's inch to 8 acres. Extra water, which will be furnished if 
available after all regular orders are filled, is charged for at the rate 
of $8 for a twelve-hour run of 100 inches, or two-thirds of a cent per 
hour-inch. 

The pumping station (No. 279, Pasadena quadrangle) which fur- 
nishes the water is situated on the mesa about one-fourth mile east 
of Rio Hondo and one-half mile north of the Los Angeles-Whittier 
road. It consists of six wells operated by two plants, a cross com- 
pound Corliss engine and centrifugal pump, and a Worthington 
engine and pump. These plants develop 110 horsepower and the 
company gives their capacity as 300 inches, with an output of 225 
inches during the irrigating season. The tract of 1,250 acres lying 
west of the station has been piped with 4-inch and 6-inch steel dis- 
tributing lines, of which 12 miles have been laid. Two reservoirs 
have been built whose combined storage capacity is stated to be 
6,500,000 gallons. The total investment is summarized by the 
company's officers as follows: Wells and pumping plants, $35,000; 
pipe lines, $20,000; reservoirs, $3,000; total, $58,000. 

Six hundred acres were under irrigation during the season of 1905. 
Berries, vegetables, citrus fruits, and walnuts are grown. 

NORTH PASADENA LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 

The North Pasadena Land and Water Company was incorporated 
in 1885 with a capital stock of $90,000, divided into 1,800 shares, 
whose par value is $50 per share. In 1880 J. H. Painter and B. F. 
Ball had acquired 1,800 acres of land on the east bank of Arroyo 



IRRIGATION KNTKRPK1SES. 123 

Seco, beginning perhaps 1 mile below the mouth of the canyon and 
extending thence eastward and southward. At the same time rights 
to all water flowing in the main canyon above its lower tributary, 
Millard Canyon, were secured. In 1887 a 10-inch by 12-inch cement 
pipe something more than 2 miles in length was laid to the tract. 
This property was all turned oyer to the North Pasadena Land and 
Water Company after its incorporation, the former owners of the 
property receiving stock in payment. Land was then sold, with 
one share of water stock to each acre, and the control of the company 
passed into the hands of the landowners. 

The old pipe line from the canyon to the company lands was 
replaced in 1893 by a vitrified-clay and steel main, ranging from 13 
to 18 inches in diameter. The water from springs and small tunnels 
in the upper part of the canyon and its tributaries is collected and 
carried to the head of the main-canyon conduit through several miles 
of small iron pipe. 

The total gravity flow from the canyon attains considerable volume 
during the winter and is usually sufficient for the needs of the tract 
during the spring and early summer, but has to be augmented by 
pumped water during the summer and fall. The average gravity 
flow during the summer months, July to November, 1904, following 
a dry winter, was 4.3 miner's inches. The following series of meas- 
urements, taken during the wet winter and spring of 1905, represent 
contrasting conditions : 

Gravity Jloir from Arroyo Seco canyon, 1905. 

Miner's inches. Miner's inches. 



January 12 55 

January 19 58 

January 25 99 



March 25 2, 620 

March 31 1, 356 

April 7 725.5 



February 18 2, 700 ! April 15 877. 5 

About 1895 this company, pursuing a policy forced on the majority 
of the water companies owning gravity systems in the southern part 
of the State at that time, prepared to develop underground waters, 
with which to augment the surface supply. Water-bearing lands 
were bought, and two wells were sunk (Nos. 435 and 437, Pasadena 
quadrangle) and equipped with pumping machinery. One of these 
(No. 435) is about half a mile north and half a mile east of Devils 
Gate, and is 160 feet deep. A 35-horsepower engine and deep-well 
plunger pump are installed. The other well (No. 437) is about 
three-fourths of a mile south of Devils Gate and but a few hundred 
feet east of the Arroyo Seco canyon. Originally 96 feet deep, it was 
sunk to 135 feet in 1904 in consequence of the lowering of the water 
plane. The well is evidently north of the bed-rock spur which extends 
from the banks of the arroyo toward Monk Hill and dams back the 
ground waters above it. The bottom of the shaft did not reach bed 



124 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

rock, but probably closely approached it. The output of these two 
wells from July to November, 1904, is reported to have averaged 87 
inches. The greater proportion of the water is furnished by the lower 
well, because as its lift is less it is operated more constantly. 

The company reports that the cost of its pumped water during 

1904 amounted to $2.78 per 1,000 gallons, or $48 per miner's inch 
per year. Irrigation water is supplied at 3 to 5 cents per hour-inch 
(miner's, not " surface" inch), the charge varying with the propor- 
tion of pumped and gravity water. The water is distributed in 
rotation in heads of 20 " surface" inches (about 9 miner's inches) at 
intervals of thirty days. The output is apportioned in proportion 
to holdings of stock. An area of 173 acres, belonging to 25 irrigators, 
is supplied by the company. 

In addition to this irrigating water, domestic water was supplied in 

1905 to 972 taps, at the following rates: One thousand cubic feet or 
less, $1.50; first additional 1,000 cubic feet, $1; each additional 100 
cubic feet, 6 cents. The daily consumption of domestic water in 1905 
was 1,065,000 gallons, and on the basis of four users to each tap, 
3,888 people were served and the rate of consumption was 275 gallons 
per capita daily. 

The company's pipe system includes the main-canyon conduit, 
5,000 feet of 16- and 18-inch vitrified-clay pipe, 6,450 feet of 13-inch 
iron pipe, and about 26.2 miles of steel pipe from 1 to 14 inches in 
diameter in the distributing system. Two reservoirs, concrete and 
asphalt lined and roofed, also form a part of the system. 

PASADENA LAKE VINEYARD LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 
ORGANIZATION AND TERRITORY. 

The Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Company was incor- 
porated in January, 1884, with a capital stock of $250,000, divided 
into 5,000 shares, the par value being $50 per share. This company, 
spoken of generally as the "east side company," delivers irrigating 
and domestic water to Pasadena east of Fair Oaks avenue, and to 
lands outside of the city limits, eastward from Pasadena toward 
Lamanda. The greater part of the territory supplied lies within the 
boundaries of the original 2,500-acre Lake Vineyard tract, of the San 
Pasqual rancho. Consumers located within the limits of this tract 
can purchase water from the company- without owning stock, but 
outside residents, in order to obtain water, either for domestic use or 
irrigation, must become shareholders. The area under irrigation in 
the Lake Vineyard tract is said by Wm. Ham. Hall to have reached 
2,000 acres in 1884, but with the expansion of the city of Pasadena a 
large part of the orchards and vineyards which formerly covered this 
area have been divided into town lots, and streets have been cut 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRlSKS. 125 

through to afford them frontage. As a result the area of irrigated 
lands has steadily diminished until at the present time it is estimated 
that the company supplies, within and without the original tract, a 
total of not more than 200 acres with irrigating water. By far the 
greater part of the revenues of the company is derived from the sale 
of domestic water within the city limits of Pasadena. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

The water supply of the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water 
Company is derived from wells and tunnels near Devils Gate, on the 
east side of Arroyo Seco, and from wells on the mesa near the reser- 
voir at the head of the Lake Vineyard tract. The works and water 
rights at Devils Gate are owned jointly by the Pasadena Lake Vine- 
yard Company and the Pasadena Land and Water Company in the 
proportion of seven-tenths to the former and three-tenths to the 
latter company. The Copelin and Banbury wells and pumping 
plants (No. 432, Pasadena quadrangle) are independent properties 
of the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Company. 

HISTORY OP WATER RIGHTS. 

In 1874 the Lake Vineyard Land and Water Association was incor- 
porated and acquired 2,500 acres of the San Pasqual rancho, adjoin- 
ing the San Gabriel Orange Grove Association's tract on the east, 
with a part interest in the springs immediately above and below 
Devils Gate. It was the object of the company to divide the tract 
into small lots, sell these, and grant to each purchaser an interest 
in the water, proportional to the amount of land purchased. The 
company's share of water was made appurtenant to the 2,500-acre 
tract, and a concrete-lined ditch 13,000 feet long was constructed to 
deliver water from the springs to a reservoir on the mesa at the 
head of the company's lands. Distributing pipe was laid from the 
reservoir, arid lands under the system were sold, one share or a five- 
hundredth interest in the water being conveyed with each 5 acres of 
land, with the right to the use of the company's canal and pipe lines 
for delivery. In 1883, after having disposed of 1,500 acres of the 
2,500-acre tract, the company sold an undivided tenth interest in its 
waters, and an undivided three-tenths interest in its water-bearing 
lands to the San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, and the remain- 
ing interests not disposed of to a syndicate of twelve residents of 
Pasadena. The original interests having thus become scattered with 
no strong central organization in control, no effective administration 
was possible, the canals and pipe lines were neglected, and the entire 
system deteriorated. Accordingly, the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land 
and Water Company was organized in 1884 by a large majority of 



126 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

the purchasers of land and water rights from the old association for 
the purpose of repairing the system and acquiring and developing a 
greater quantity of water. These granted to the new corporation 
their interests, and received therefor shares of the corporation stock, 
10 shares being issued for each of the old 5-acre water rights. A few 
of the holders of the water rights purchased from the old association 
declined to join the new organization and did not convey their inter- 
ests. The new company repaired the system and developed the 
springs, greatly increasing their flow. To enable this work to be 
carried out, assessments on stock amounting to $8.37 per share were 
levied. A definite water rate to stockholders was also fixed, the fig- 
ure being made high enough to cover the cost of operation and of 
repairs. In 1885 suit was brought by the Lake Vineyard Land and 
Water Company to determine the ownership of water rights as 
between the old Lake Vineyard Association and the Orange Grove 
Association. This suit was subsequently compromised and the Pasa- 
dena Land and Water Company, which had succeeded to the rights 
of the Orange Grove Association, was given title to three- tenths of 
all the water of the Devils Gate springs, the Lake Vineyard Company 
retaining title to seven-tenths. 

After the organization of the Lake Vineyard Land and Water 
Company, some of the holders of the original water rights who had 
remained outside of the corporation attempted to establish a pro 
rata interest in the water developed by the company by paying their 
share of the expense of operation. George W. Beck, one of those 
who had succeeded to i gS o of the original water rights, as appertain- 
ing to 2 acres, refused to pay the rate charged him for water by the 
company and applied for a permanent injunction to restrain the 
directors from discontinuing service in supplying him with his share 
of water. A decision was rendered by the State supreme court in 
December, 1889, defeating the plaintiff. In 1894 the parent organi- 
zation, the Lake Vineyard Land and Water Association, was dis- 
incorporated. 

DEVILS GATE JOINT WORK. 

In 1887 the Pasadena Land and Water Company and the Pasadena 
Lake Vineyard Company joined in laying a 22-inch lapped and riveted 
steel conduit, to replace the old open ditch, from the Devils Gate 
springs to a point of division on the mesa at the main reservoir. 
About 1891 the two companies, finding the flow from the springs inad- 
equate for their needs, began the construction of works to develop 
and bring to the surface the waters of the underflow of Arroyo Seco 
and the east-side mesa. About 1891, 2,008 feet of tunnel were con- 
structed through the rocky point on the east side of Devils Gate into 
the east-side mesa and under the gravel beds of the arroyo. Begin- 
ning at the lower end of the gorge and passing northward into the 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 127 

point of rocks for about 100 feet, the tunnel was divided into two 
branches, the right-hand branch taking a northeast course into the 
mesa a distance of 600 feet, and the left-hand branch a northwest 
course for a few hundred feet to a second fork. From this second 
dividing point another branch was continued westward and under 
the stream bed at the upper end of Devils Gate, while the main work 
was extended nearly due north about 1,000 feet under the bed of the 
arroyo close to the east-side mesa. In 1895 the main tunnel was 
extended from its northern extremity eastward into the mesa a dis- 
tance of 2,529 feet. In 1902 two wells were sunk (Nos. 434 and 434a, 
Pasadena quadrangle) and a further extension of the tunnel of 337 
feet was made to these wells. The tunnel tapped the wells at a depth 
of 175 feet from the surface. These wells flow and are pumped by 
compressed air into the tunnel. They have a depth of 375 and 575 
feet, respectively. A third well has been sunk recently and is being 
connected with the tunnel. 

In 1897 a submerged dam was built across the narrows at the upper 
end of Devils Gate, immediately below the west branch of the tunnel 
(PI. II, B, p. 52). The underflow of the arroyo is held by this dam, 
while the tunnel taps the gravels and leads the water into the pipe 
system below. At the extremity of this branch on the west side of 
the stream channel an opening is provided for the admission of the 
storm waters. In 1897 a solid masonry dam was laid in the bed rock 
a short distance within the mouth of the tunnel, and a valve was con- 
structed by which the tunnel can be sealed entirely or the flow par- 
tially cut off at will. As a result of closing the tunnel in Avinter the 
water plane in the wells above rises about 20 feet. That the general 
water plane in the area surrounding the wells is raised is evident 
also from the fact that an increased flow comes from the wells for 
weeks after the opening of the tunnel. 

In 1903 a 100-horsepower compressed-air plant was installed at the 
mouth of the tunnel below Devils Gate. Compressed air is piped 
from this plant to the wells described above, and by its use water is 
raised to the tunnel level, whence it flows by gravity past the plant 
into the main conduit below. The gravity flow from the tunnels 
and wells varies with the seasons. The tunnels are partially sealed 
during the winter months, so that no measurements of the total flow 
are available. During the summer the pumping plant is in operation 
for a variable period, whose length depends on the previous winter's 
rainfall and the amount of gravity water available. During the sum- 
mer of 1906 it was not found necessary to start the pumps at all, 
because of the copious rainfall of the two preceding seasons. Engi- 
neers who have studied the local situation thoroughly express the 
belief that if pumping operations were suspended for a considerable 
period of time the gravity flow would reach 100 miner's inches. 



128 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Records of measurements taken in 1904 of gravity and pumped 
water discharged from the tunnel and tunnel wells show on August 1, 
after the pumping plant had been shut down three hours, a gravity 
now of 55.05 miner's inches; on the same day, after the plant had 
been shut down seven hours, a flow of 53.25 miner's inches; and on 
August 4, after a nine-hour shut down, a flow of 53.25 miner's inches. 
The officers of the company call attention to the facts that during the 
seven years preceding 1904 the rainfall had been low, and that periods 
of three to nine hours after closing the pumps may not be sufficient 
to allow the maximum flow to be reached, 

OTHER WORKS IN ARROYO SECO. 

In addition to the main work, three minor tunnels have been con- 
structed and a pumping plant installed in the arroyo along the pipe 
line within half a mile of the mouth of the main tunnel. About 1889 
a shaft (well No. 433, Pasadena quadrangle) was sunk close to the 
east bank of the arroyo, a few hundred feet below the mouth of the 
main tunnel, and a short tunnel was driven westward under the bed 
of the arroyo a distance of 288 feet. A pumping plant was placed 
over the shaft and equipped with a 12-horsepower gas engine and No. 
4 centrifugal pump. This plant has a capacity of 25 inches for twelve 
hours. In 1894 a tunnel 575 feet long was driven eastward into 
the mesa at Wilson's Spring and another 665 feet in length at Rich- 
ardson Springs. These works are located along the bank of the 
arroyo about half a mile below the main plant. August 1, 1904, the 
Wilson tunnel was flowing 3.79 miner's inches, and August 4, 1904, 
the Richardson tunnel was flowing 8.35 miner's inches. 

INDEPENDENT PROPERTY. 

Besides the Arroyo Seco properties, which are held in joint owner- 
ship with the Pasadena Land and Water Company, the Lake Vine- 
yard Company has two independent wells and pumping plants (No. 
432, Pasadena quadrangle). These are known as the Copelin and 
Banbury wells and are located on the mesa a short distance above 
the main reservoir. The Banbury well is not in active use at the 
present time, but in April, 1 905, a 200-horsepower Corliss engine and 
a centrifugal pump were installed on the Copelin well, raising the 
normal output of the plant to nearly 200 inches. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

Water for irrigating purposes is delivered on orders filed at the office 
of the company and filled in succession. Water is distributed in heads 
varying in volume from 5 to 25 weir inches (" Pasadena module") 
and charged for at the rate of 1 cent per hour-inch. It is estimated 
that the company supplies about 200 acres with irrigating water. 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 



1 29 



Domestic water is metered and a charge of $1 is made for 600 cubic 
feet and 5 cents per hundred for each additional 100 feet. The com- 
pany has 1,958 meters in use. 

VALUE OF PROPERTIES. 

October 15, 1904, T. D. Allin, city engineer, and Lippincott & 
Parker, consulting engineers, submitted a report to the city of Pasa- 
dena on the properties of the Pasadena Land and Water Company 
and the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Company. In 
this report the works of each company are described in detail and a 
careful estimate is made of their present value. The following valu- 
ation is summarized from this report: 

Summary of values of the property of the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Com- 
pany (east-side system) exclusive of real estate, water, and water rights. 



Cost, new. 



Deprecia- 
tion. 



Present 
value. 



Pipe system purchased prior to January 1, 1889. . 

Pipe system purchased since January 1, 1889 

Meters purchased prior to June, 1900 

Meters purchased since June, 1900 

Air valves 

Gate valves 

Specials 

Clamps 

Bands 

Banbury well 

Copelin well 

Reservoir No. 1, less three-tenths of division box. 

Reservoir No. 2 

Dry tunnel, seven-tenths 

Wagon road and fence, seven-tenths 

Office furniture 



Total value of construction work, including Banbury and 
Copelin wells and not including other water-development 

work 

Add 20 per cent for engineering, administration, contractor' s prof- 
its, etc 

Value of the going business 



322,897.24 

103,220.63 

15, 384. 30 

8,007.00 

78.00 

3, 536. 48 

1,527.04 

431. 75 

124. 97 

3, 175. 70 

13,632.54 

19,245.36 

49,083.60 

2,377.44 

453. 68 

500.00 



$9,625.63 

29, 502. 20 

3, 846. 08 

556.84 

24.36 

636. 57 

546.71 

154. 58 

44.71 

1,561.26 

3, 553. 60 

806.99 

1,874.97 



23.10 



243,675.73 



52, 757. 60 



$13,271.61 

73,718.43 

11,538.22 

7, 450. 16 

53. 64 

2,899.91 

980. 33 

277. 17 

80.26 

1,614.44 

10;078.94 

18, 438. 37 

47,208.63 

2,377.44 

430. 58 

500.00 



190,918.13 

38, 183. 63 
13, 500. 00 



242,601.76 



This is the estimated value of the property exclusive of the Devils 
Gate developments, property outside of the city of Pasadena, and 
real estate. 

The engineers, in endeavoring to arrive at the value of the Devils 
Gate waters, concluded that the works there would deliver to the 
systems 100 inches of gravity water or 200 inches of pumped water, 
and under the conditions which existed in Pasadena at that time 
the gravity waters were valued at $2,000 and the pumped waters 
at $1,000 per miner's inch; so that whether the waters procured by 
the Devils Gate developments are regarded as the lesser amount at 
the higher valuation or the greater amount at the lower valuation 
is immaterial. The total value by either method of reckoning is 
$200,000. In this calculation the value of the works by which the 
47505— ire 219—08 9 



130 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHEKN CALIFOKNIA. 

water is developed is included in the estimate. Since seven-tenths of 
•the Devils Gate developments belong to the Pasadena Lake Vine- 
yard Land and Water Company, its interest in the total amounts to 
$140,000. The city engineer, T. D. Allin, has estimated the value 
of that portion of the company's plant outside of the city of Pasa- 
dena at $18,531.95, and a special commission appraised the real 
estate at $34,816.97. The total valuation of the east-side com- 
pany's property, therefore, may be summarized as follows: 

Value of property of Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water Company. 

Plant in Pasadena (exclusive of Devils Gate interests) pipe system, reser- 
voirs, going business, etc $242, 601. 76 

Seven-tenths interest in Devils Gate developments 140, 000. 00 

Real estate , 34, 816. 97 

Portion of plant outside of Pasadena 18, 531. 95 

435, 950. 68 
PASADENA LAND AND WATER COMPANY. 
ORGANIZATION AND TERRITORY. 

The Pasadena Land and Water Company was incorporated in 
March, 1882, with a capital stock of $50,000, divided into 200 shares 
with a par value of $250 each. In December, 1885, the capital 
stock was increased to $75,000 and the number of shares to 3,000, 
the par value of each share being reduced to $25. 

This company, usually spoken of as the "west-side company," to 
distinguish it from the Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water 
Company, known as the "east-side company/' serves an area of about 
1,500 acres, lying in a strip less than a mile wide and about 4 miles 
long on the east bank of Arroyo Seco. Two-thirds of this area is 
at present in the city of Pasadena, and one-third in the separate 
municipality of South Pasadena. Only about 100 of the original 
1,500 acres are now under irrigation, the remainder being occupied 
by homes and users of domestic water. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

The water supply of the west-side company is derived from the 
Devils Gate developments, owned and controlled jointly by the east- 
side and west-side companies, title to three-tenths of the works and 
of the water developed being in the latter, from the Sheep Corral 
Springs developments, which belong exclusively to the west-side 
company, and from the Bradford street well, the Culver well, and 
the Glenarm street well. 

The capacity of the Devils Gate developments is estimated at 200 
inches of pumped water, and the west-side interest of three-tenths 






IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 181 

of this amounts to 60 inches. The Sheep Corral developments have 
yielded 90 inches or more in the past, but, as this is regarded in 
excess of the permanent supply, the capacity of the works is placed 
at 50 inches. The Bradford street well yields 8 inches during the 
summer months, the Culver well yields about the equivalent of 10 
inches constant flow, and the capacity of the Glenarm street battery 
of wells with present water levels is given as 90 inches. The total 
available permanent supply for the west-side company with its pres- 
ent installation, therefore, amounts to about 218 miner's inches. 

HISTORY OF WATER RIGHTS. 

In 1873 an association was formed at Indianapolis, Ind., under the 
title of the Indiana Colony, for the purpose of settlement in south- 
ern California. The association's representatives acquired 4,000 
acres of land in two tracts, one of 1,500 acres along Arroyo Seco, 
and the other of 2,500 acres in the Altadena and Mesa deLas Flores 
neighborhoods. Title to all the waters at Sheep Corral Springs and 
to an interest in the waters about the Devils Gate was purchased 
with these lands. Only about twelve of the original Indiana colo- 
nists emigrated to California, but the uncalled-for shares were taken 
in Los Angeles and the general plan was carried through. The sub- 
scribers, of whom there were about thirty, then organized and incor- 
porated the San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, with 100 shares, 
each share entitling the holder to a 15-acre subdivision of the lower 
1,500-acre tract. The water rights and the 2,500-acre tract were not 
subdivided, but were held for the benefit of v the association as a 
whole, and afterwards the latter tract was sold and the proceeds 
invested in improvements in the water system, etc. 

A series of disputes between the east-side and west-side parties 
at interest as to the ownership of the waters in the springs about 
Devils Gate began in the seventies and was not finally settled until 
a compromise was effected in 1885. The first of these suits was 
decided in 1879 adversely to the interests of the Orange Grove Asso- 
ciation. In July, 1883, the association bought from the east-side 
organization for $10,000 an undivided one-tenth interest in its waters 
and an undivided three-tenths interest in its unsold water-bearing 
lands and main conduit. By the terms of the compromise of 
1885, these purchased interests were accepted as equivalent to a 
three- tenths interest in all the waters of all the upper springs, title to 
the remaining seven-tenths remaining in the east-side company. 
This adjustment has served as the basis for the distribution of all 
costs of improvements and maintenance, and for the division of all 
Devils Gate waters since it was effected. The Sheep Corral waters 
and water rights have never been in dispute, but have been acknowl- 
edged as the property of the west-side company since the predeces- 



132 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

sors in interest of the Indiana Colony first purchased the San Pasqual 
rancho in 1858. 

The Bradford street well, situated on a lower bench just west of 
Arroyo Seco, was dug and a pumping plant installed over it in 1903; 
the Culver well, on the east side of the arroyo, was purchased from 
F. J. Culver in 1904 for $8,000, and the Glenarm street wells, one- 
fourth mile northeast of the Raymond Hotel, were bored and equipped 
in the summer of 1904. 

DEVILS GATE .lOINT WORKS. 

A brief account of these works, constructed and owned jointly by 
the Pasadena Land and Water Company and the Pasadena Lake 
Vineyard Land and Water Company, is given on pages 126-128. 

INDEPENDENT PROPERTY. 

The oldest of the water sources owned exclusively by the Pasadena 
Land and Water Company is the Sheep Corral Springs and develop- 
ment works. Before the sinking of wells and driving of tunnels in 
their immediate vicinity and the completion of more distant develop- 
ments which have nevertheless affected their supply, these springs 
yielded from 50 to 130 miner's inches during the dry months of sum- 
mer, and their average flow was given by Wm. Ham. Hall a as 90 
miner's inches. 

As the demand for water on the Pasadena mesa increased, work 
was undertaken at the springs, with the purpose of increasing the 
supply available from them. In 1890 a tunnel was begun just above 
the gorge at Sheep Corral Springs, at a depth of 29 feet, and during 
the three succeeding years it was extended northward until it reached 
a length of 1,345 feet, its construction having cost $14,500. At the 
same time (1890) a small gasoline engine was installed for the pur- 
pose of lifting the water developed in the tunnel into a receiving tank, 
whence it was pumped with other waters from the springs to a reser- 
voir on the edge of the mesa 100 feet above the arroyo level. The 
plants for this greater lift were installed in 1882 and in 1892, and 
consist of two Wellington compound duplex pumps, each with a 
capacity of 100 miner's inches. In 1895, in order to recover what- 
ever underflow might be escaping through the gravels of the gorge 
below the springs, a submerged dam was constructed across this 
gorge and extended from bed rock to 4 feet above the original surface 
of the gravels in the arroyo. The dam, which is of concrete-masonry 
construction, has a maximum depth of 28 feet, and a width of 4 feet 
and contains 336 cubic yards of material. Its cost was $5,200. 
Finally, in 1904 a well was sunk in the tunnel and water is now pumped 
from 40 feet below its floor. 

« Irrigation in Southern California, 1888, p. 498. 






IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 133 



The Bradford street well was dug in 1903. It is located in Pasa- 
dena, just west of Arroyo Seco and something more than 1 mile 
south of Sheep Corral Springs. From the bottom of the well, which 
is 70 feet deep, a drift extends eastward for 170 feet. The well is 
operated by electric power, and the water, about 8 miner's inches, is 
pumped directly into the South Pasadena main, which runs near by. 

The Culver well, on the east side of the arroyo, about 600 feet 
north of the Bradford street well, was sunk in 1899 and 1900 by 
F. J. Culver, and was purchased by the Pasadena Land and Water 
Company in 1904 for $8,000. The well is 54 feet deep, and a tunnel 
extends northeastward 122 feet from its bottom. Water from this 
well is pumped into the South Pasadena main directly by electric 
power. The yield is approximately 40 inches for the six hours per 
day during which it is pumped. Neither the Bradford street nor 
the Culver well is used except during the dry periods of mid and late 
summer. 

The latest addition to the Pasadena Land and Water Company 
plants is the Glenarm street group of three 12-inch wells, bored and 
equipped with a pumping plant in 1904. These wells are located 
about one-fourth mile northeast of the Raymond Hotel. They vary 
in depth from 215 to 256 feet, and their total cost was $1,840. An 
air lift has been installed to pump the water from the wells, and a 
centrifugal pump then raises it over the Orange Grove avenue ridge 
into the South Pasadena main. From this main the water will flow 
by gravity to the Sheep Corral plant, and may then be pumped into 
the Pasadena system. The cost of this pumping plant is given as 
$7,023, and its capacity as 90 inches. The wells easily yield this 
amount, and inasmuch as their situation is most favorable, both as 
to permanence of supply and accessibility of water, it is probable 
that they will continue to furnish the full amount for a long period. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

Although the San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, to whose 
rights and property the Pasadena Land and Water Company has 
succeeded, was essentially an irrigation company, the present cor- 
poration, through the growth of the cities of Pasadena and South 
Pasadena, has become in reality a municipal water company. Only 
about 100 of the 1,500 acres in the original tract are now under irri- 
gation. 

Within the city limits of Pasadena practically all services are under 
meter, the company having about 1,200 instruments in use. The 
minimum charge for water where meters are installed is $1.25 per 
month. This sum entitles the user to 800 cubic feet. For all water 
in excess of that amount a charge of 6 cents per 100 cubic feet is 
made. In South Pasadena and at those few points in Pasadena 



134 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



where meters are not installed, flat rates of 50 cents to $2 per month 
are charged. The irrigating rate is 1J cents per hour per " surface 
inch/' probably equivalent to a little more than 2f cents per hour 
per California miner's inch. 

VALUE OF PROPERTIES. 

The board of engineers, Messrs. Allin, Lippincott, and Parker, 
engaged in 1904 to determine the value of the property of the com- 
panies supplying Pasadena with water, summarized the value of the 
system, exclusive of the interest in the Devils Gate works, the Sheep 
Corral developments and rights, the South Pasadena portion of the 
system, and the real-estate holdings, as follows: 

Summary of values of the property of the Pasadena Land and Water Company (west-side 
system) exclusive of real estate, water, and water rights . 



Pipe system 

Gate valves 

Specials 

Meters laid prior to June, 1900 : 

Meters laid since J une, 1900 

Orange Grove avenue reservoir 

Bradford street pumping plant ; 

Glenarm street wells 

Glenarm street pumping plant 

Sheep Corral main pumping plant 

Division box, three-tenths 

Dry tunnel, three-tenths 

Wagon road and fence, Devils Gate, three-tenths. 
Tool house and office furniture 



Total value of construction work, including Glenarm and 
Bradford street wells, and not including other develop- 
ment work 

Add 20 per cent for engineering, administration, contractor's 

profits, etc ,.*. 

Value of the going business 



Cost new. 



0, 

26, 
4, 
1, 

7, 



234. 52 
655. 18 
848. 12 
795. 10 
557. 50 
929. 67 
553. 24 
840. 20 
023. 42 
480. 81 
40.50 
018. 91 
194. 43 
500.00 



146,071.60 



Deprecia- 
tion. 



$25, 500. 46 
297. 93 
276. 49 
2, 506. 59 
565. 11 
5, 088. 65 
339. 54 



3, 869. 33 
9.' 89' 



Present 
value. 



$52, 734. 06 

1,357.25 

571.63 

6, 288. 51 

5, 992. 39 

21,841.02 

4,213.70 

1,840.20 

7, 023. 42 

4,611.48 

40.50 

1,018.91 

184. 54 

500.00 



38,453.99 I 108,217.61 



21,643.52 
10, 000. 00 



139.861.13 



The Devils Gate developments (see pp. 126-128 for details) are 
valued at $200,000, three-tenths of which, or $60,000, belong to the 
west-side system. The water supply from Sheep Corral Springs was 
valued at $500 per miner's inch, and the permanent supply there 
estimated at 50 miner's inches, or a total valuation of $25,000. 
T. D. Allin, city engineer of Pasadena, estimated that portion of the 
company's plant outside of the city to be worth $15,295.73, and the 
real estate commission estimated the value of the real estate hold- 
ings of the corporation to be $49,603.28. 

The final valuation of the west-side company's property may there- 
fore be summarized thus: 



IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES. 185 

Value of property of Pasadena Land and Wain- ( 'ompany. 

Plant in Pasadena (exclusive of Devils Gate and Sheep Corral develop- 
ments) s | :>,(), 861. 13 

Three-tenths interest in Devils Gate developments (JO, ooo. 00 

Sheep Corral developments and supply 25, 000. 00 

Real estate 49^ 003. 28 

Portion of plant outside of Pasadena 15 t 29">. 7.3 



289, 760. 14 
VERDUGO CANYON WATER COMPANY. 

The waters of Verdugo Canyon are percolating waters of rather 
uniform flow, which escape from gravels that fill the valley of La 
Canada, between the San Rafael and Verdugo hills to the south and 
the San Gabriel Range to the north. They drain into the lower San 
Fernando Valley through Verdugo Canyon, rising to the surface in a 
number of springs along the southern If miles of its course. The 
flow from these springs forms two small surface streams, one on 
either side of the canyon. By a court decree, handed down in Novem- 
ber, 1871, the waters on the east side of the canyon were awarded to 
Theodore Verdugo and his assigns, and made appurtenant to 2,629.01 
acres lying within the limits of the canyon. Since the award, por- 
tions of the tract have been sold, and there are now several owners 
of the east-side water. By the same decree all surplus east-side 
water, above that reasonably required by Verdugo and his successors 
in interest, was to be turned into the channel of the west-side springs 
and to become a part of those waters which were allotted to lands 
lying in the east end of the San Fernando Valley below the canyon. 
This west-side water was divided into 10,000 parts, and' apportioned 
among the various interests claiming it. The division was made by 
time, an owner of one part being entitled to the total west-side flow 
for one minute of each week. 

June 18, 1884, the Verdugo Canyon Water Company was organized 
to better effect the distribution of this west-side water by constructing 
and maintaining a system of pipe lines, hiring a zanjero, etc., and to 
develop the underflow of the canyon. The capital stock was fixed 
at $10,000, divided into 10,000 shares, each representing one of the 
original 10,000 parts of the west-side water. Three-fourths of the 
owners of the west-side interests joined the organization, and 7,500 
shares were issued, C. E. Thorn and E. M. Ross, owners of one-fourth 
interest, remaining outside the company. No subscriber to the capi- 
tal stock of the company may hold more shares than he owns ten- 
thousandths of west-side water. There are 300 stockholders, each of 
whom receives a proportion of the total flow equal to the ratio of his 
stock to the total issue of 10,000 shares. Only six of these stock- 
holders, however, receive their water directly from the company's 
pipe lines. The remainder have organized a number of subordinate 



136 FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

companies. These companies and the number of ten-thousandths of 
west-side water which they receive are listed in the following table: 

Subordinate companies receiving west-side water of Verdugo Canyon. 

Verdugo Springs Water Company 666 

Verdugo Pipe and Reservoir Company ' 1, 307. 5 

Tropico Water Company 1, 191 

Independent W T ater Company ' 924. 5 

North Glendale Pipe and Reservoir Company 2, 128 

East Glendale Reservoir and Pipe Company 670 

Glassell Pipe Company 613 

Five of these subsidiary companies own reservoirs, and the share 
of each is delivered to it in a constant flow. The West- Glendale 
Reservoir and Pipe Company and the Glassell interests do not own 
reservoirs, and their share of water is delivered once or twice weekly 
in accumulated heads. The Verdugo Canyon Water Company also 
delivers to C. E. Thorn and E. M. Ross their proportion of canyon 
water, collecting from them a proportionate share of operating 
expenses. 

The responsibility of the Verdugo Canyon Water Company ceases 
with the delivery of its share of water to each of the subordinate 
companies. The further subdivision of the water and its delivery to 
the individual stockholders, through the pipe lines and reservoirs of 
the subordinate companies, is charged for by the companies. 

During the five seasons covering the years 1900 to 1904 the average 
annual expenses of the Verdugo Canyon Water Company were 27 
cents per share. This charge covered operation, maintenance, legal 
fees, and other expenses, and a payment of $2,500 on the indebtedness. 
The total flow, surface and developed, controlled by the company 
varies from 65 to more than 100 inches. The maximum surface flow 
recorded, 171 miner's inches, was measured in August, 1890. The 
minimum combined surface and developed underflow, 64.2 miner's 
inches, was measured October 1, 1904. Other records of measure- 
ments are given below: 

Measurements of Verdugo Canyon waters. 



Date. 



May 14, 1904... 
August 14, 1904. 
May 27, 1905. . . . 



Surface 
flow. 



Miner's in. 
51 
45.6 



Underflow 
diverted 
by dam. 



Miner's in. 
26.7 
19.7 



77.7 23.9 



Total. 



Miner's in. 

77.7 

65.3 

101. 6 



Soon after the incorporation of the Verdugo Canyon Water Com- 
pany, steps were taken to divert the canyon water. A masonry dam 
50 feet long was built across the bed of the creek, a short distance 
below the tract now known as Verdugo Park. No attempt was made 



YIELD OF FLOWING WELLS. 187 

to reach bed rock, the base of the dam being sunk only 6 feet below 
the surface. From the dam about 26,000 feet of 16-, 10-, and 8-inch 
cement pipe were laid to the reservoirs below. Practically this same 
system remains in existence to-day, the only change being an exten- 
sion of 500 feet of 25-inch cement main upstream to the submerged 
dam begun in 1895. Preparations for this latter construction had 
been made in 1894 by the purchase of 7| acres of land, above the old 
diversion dam, for $2,500, all of the west-side interests joining in the 
purchase. Explorations for bed rock were carried out, and as they 
resulted favorably, construction was about to be undertaken when 
it was found impossible to procure a direct right of way across the 
canyon from the owner of the adjoining property on the east. An 
alternative indirect right of way was offered, however, and accepted, 
and construction was begun. Two hundred and forty feet of dam 
had been built when the channel deepened and bed rock was lost. 
Exploration for it resulted in an estimate that the dam could not be 
completed for less than $50,000. As $20,000 had already been 
expended, the estimate was considered prohibitive and work was 
stopped. This incomplete dam results in the recovery of some of the 
underflow, as is indicated by the table on page 136. 

YIELD OF FLOWING WELLS. 

In the endeavor to use tables heretofore published, for the easy 
determination of the yield of flowing wells when the diameter of the 
casing and the height of the dome are known, difficulties have been 
encountered, the majority of the tables extant proving inaccurate. 
The most satisfactory formulas known to the writer for the yield of 
wells discharging vertically are those of C. E. Grunsky. From these 
formulas, which are given below, a set of simple tables of the yield of 
wells flowing 250 California miner's inches or less has been compiled. 
These tables have proved convenient in the field work of the author 
of this report, and it is hoped that they may prove equally useful to 
others. 

Grunsky' 's formulas for yield of flowing wells. 

[Q= Gallons per minute; d=diameter; A=dome.] 

When hy>d (spouting wells), Q—b.3bd 2 \/h 
When fc< T V?, Q=l0ds/h? 

When h<d and > ^d, Q= , 10dh ^ E= 



Vl+2.525 M\ 2 



138 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



Yield of flowing wells. 
[California miner's inch of 9 gallons per minute or .02 second foot.] 



^^"^-^^^ Diameter of well, 

^~"\-_^ in inches. 
Height of ^"~--~^^ 
dome, in inches. ^"^--^^ 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


0.2 


i 

2 

1 
2 
1 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


i 

2 
1 
1 
1 

2 
2 
2 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 


i 

2 
1 

2 

2 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 
10 
11 
11 
11 
11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
13 
13 
13 
13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
15 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
17 


i 

2 
1 

2 
3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
17 
18 
18 
19 
19 
20 
20 
21 
21 
22 
22 
23 
23 
24 
24 
24 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
26 
27 
27 
27 
28 
28 
28 
29 
29 
29 
30 
30 


i 

2 
1 

2 

4 

5 

7 

8 
10 
12 
13 
15 
16 
18 
19 
21 
22 
23 
24 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
34 
35 
36 
36 
37 
38 
39 
39 
40 
40 
41 
41 
42 
42 
43 
43 
44 
44 
45 
45 
46 
47 
47 


3 

4 

2 

3 

4 

6 

8 
10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
38 
39 
41 
42 
44 
45 
46 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
56 
57 
58 
58 
59 
60 
60 
61 
62 
63 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 


1 
2 
3 
5 

7 

9 
12 
15 
17 
19 
22 
25 
28 
31 
33 
35 
38 
41 
43 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
57 
59 
61 
62. 
65 
67 
68 
70 
72 
73 
75 
76 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 


1 

2 

4 

6 

8 

11 

14 

17 

20 

23 

26 

30 

32 

36 

40 

.43 

46 

49 

52 

56 

58 

61 

64 

67 

70 

73 

76 

79 

81 

84 

86 

89 

91 

93 

96 

98 

100 

102 

104 

106 

108 

110 

111 

113 

114 

116 

117 

118 

119 

121 


1 
3 
4 

7 

9 

13 

16 

19 

23 

26 

30 

34 

38 

42 

46 

50 

53 

57 

61 

65 

69 

73 

77 

81 

84 

87 

91 

94 

97 

100 

104 

107 

111 

114 

116 

119 

122 

124 

128 

130 

133 

136 

138 

140 

142 

144 

146 

148 

150 

153 


1 

3 

5 

8 

11 

14 

18 

21 

25 

29 

34 

38 

42 

47 

51 

56 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

94 

97 

101 

106 

110 

114 

118 

121 

126 

130 

134 

138 

142 

146 

149 

152 

154 

157 

160 

163 

167 

170 

175 

178 

180 

184 

187 


1 

3 

5 

8 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

37 

42 

47 

52 

57 

62 

68 

73 

8C 

85 

90 

96 

101 

106 

111 

116 

121 

126 

131 

136 

141 

146 

151 

155 

160 

164 

168 

173 

177 

182 

187 

191 

196 

200 

204 

207 

210 

213 

217 

220 


1 
3 
6 
9 

13 

17 

22 

26 

31 

36 

41 

46 

51 

57 

63 

70 

77 

82 

89 

94 

100 

106 

112 

118 

124 

130 

136 

142 

148 

154 

159 

164 

170 

175 

181 

187 

193 

199 

204 

208 

212 

217 

221 

225 

229 

235 

241 

246 

251 


1 

4 

6 

10 

14 

19 

24 

29 

34 

40 

45 

50 

37 

63 

70 

77 

84 

91 

97 

103 

110 

117 

124 

131 

139 

146 

152 

157 

164 

172 

177 

185 

190 

197 

204 

210 

215 

221 

227 

233 

240 

247 


1 

4 

7 

10 

15 

20 

25 

31 

36 

42 

49 

55 

61 

69 

76 

83 

91 

99 

106 

113 

121 

129 

138 

145 

153 

160 

168 

175 

181 

187 

196 

204 

210 

218 

225 

232 

240 

247 


1 


.4.... 


4 


.6 

.8 


7 
11 


1.0 


16 


1.2 


21 


1.4 


?,7 


1.6 


34 


1.8 


40 


2.0 


46 


2.2 


52 


2.4 


59 


2.6 


67 


2. 8 


75 


3.O.. 


83 


3.2 


90 


3.4 


99 


3.6 


107 


3.8 


115 


4.0 


17B 


4.2 


m 


4.4 


141 


4.6 


149 


4.8 


156 


5.0 


164 


5.2 


172 


5.4 


178 


5.6 


188 


5.8... 


198 


6.0 


?m 


6.2 


?13 


6.4 


?,??, 


6.6 


?30 


6.8 


?37 


7.0 


246 


7.2 




7.4 




7.6 




7.8 




8. 






8.2. 






8.4 






8.6 






8.8 








9.0 








9.2 








9.4 








9.6 








9.8 








10.0 



















MAPS AND TABLES. 

Such information on the foothill belt as is capable of graphic pre- 
sentation has been assembled in maps and tables. 

The maps (Pis. III-IX, in pocket) show the lands irrigated in the 
foothill belt, the chief pipe and canal lines of the various irrigating 
companies, the pumping plants, the artesian wells, a few of the 
domestic wells, ground- water levels, indicated by hydrographic con- 
tours, and artesian areas past and present. 

In the tables the information collected during a careful canvass 
of the wells of the foothill belt has been assembled. This informa- 
tion includes the name of the owner, the location of the well, the 
date of its completion, its diameter, depth, and cost, the cost of the 
installation where pumping machinery is in use, the use made of 
the water, and the amount produced. For some wells temperature 
data and rough determinations of the amount of solid matter in the 



MAPS AND TABLE. 



139 



water in parts per 100,000, as a result of measurements of the electric 
resistance by the Wheatstone bridge, are included. 

It has not been possible to obtain all of this information for each 
well examined, and in many cases that collected is only approximately 
correct, but such facts as are known are presented. 

The greater part of the data thus assembled, both in the tables 
and maps, has been collected by W. N.White, field assistant, to whom 
cordial acknowledgments are due. In assembling the material in 
the office for publication, both Mr. White and A. J. Fisk, jr., have 
assisted. 

The following list of useful equivalents has been compiled by 
J. B. Lippincott: 

USEFUL EQUIVALENTS. 

1 United States gallon of water weighs 8.345 pounds. 

1,000,000 gallons per day= 1.54723 second-feet. 

1 cent per 1,000 gallons=$3.367 per acre-foot. 

1 old California miner's inch= 1,728 cubic feet per day, or 

Jo second-foot, or 

12,925 gallons per day, or 

538.5 gallons per hour, or 

630,720 cubic feet per year, or 

14,478 acre-feet per year. 

= 1^ cubic feet per minute, or 



1 new California miner's inch : 



^o second-foot. 



1 Colorado miner's inch=2,250 cubic feet per day, or 

17,000 gallons per day (approximately). 
1 second-foot =50 California miner's inches, or 

38.4 Colorado miner's inches, or 

450 gallons per minute, or 

723.92 acre-feet per year, or 

1.983471 acre-feet in 24 hours, or 

59| acre-feet in 30 days, or 

646,315 gallons per day. 
1 second-foot per year= 13.57 inches in depth per square mile. 

1 acre-foot =25. 2 California miner's inches for 24 hours, or 

43,560 cubic feet, or 

325,851 United States gallons. 

2 acre-feet in 30 d ays = continuous flow of 0.03^ second-foot. 
1 cubic foot=7.4805 gallons. 

1 cubic foot of water at 62° F. weighs 62.355 pounds. 

1,000,000 cubic feet=23 acre-feet (approximately). 

1 barrel crude oil=42 gallons. 

1 barrel crude oil of 14° gravity weighs 340.6 pounds (usually taken at 341 pounds). 

1 gallon crude oil weighs 8.12 pounds. 

Pressure per square inch for each foot of head=0.433 pound. 

Pressure in pounds per square inch X 2.31=head in feet. 

Grains per gallon X 1.71=parts per 100,000 of solids. 

Velocity of 1 mile per year=0. 000167 foot per second. 

GENERAL STATISTICS. 

Flowing wells, pumping plants, iirigated area, etc., in foothill belt of southern California 

in 1905. 





Cucamonga 
quadrangle. 


Pomona 
quadrangle. 


Pasadena 
quadrangle. 


Total. 


Number of flowing wells 


25 
107 

$388,839 

25 

21, 643 

3.5 

4.75 

150 



93 

$355,643 

20 

17,288 



1.1 

147 


13 

168 

$448, 642 

40 

16,750 

1.3 

2 

148 


$1,193 
55 


38 


Number of pumping plants 


368 


Estimated investment in wells and pumping 
equipment 


124 


Estimated average output, 
second-feet 


continuous flow, 


85 


Area irrigated 

Artesian area, 1905 

Original artesian area 

Estimated area tillable land 


acres.. 

square miles. . 

do 

do.... 


681 
4.8 
7.6 
445 



140 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



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lO lO 
00 CT) 
00 00 


i 

2 d 
°* 03 

go 


!z 


^ 


■ CN 




ir; 

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is 




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co CC 


1 

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CO t- 


CO^ 

3n 


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a 


a 


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C 


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t 

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a 

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WELL STATISTICS. 



141 







— 


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+- H— 












































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u 


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c 


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a 


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a. 




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U O i-c 


a 


O 


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B 


5* 


o 


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c 


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K 


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142 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



•(S9TJ0UI s,jauiui) 



SCO 



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WELL STATISTICS. 



143 



— CO +J 

O O 3 oj 
bO 



T3T3 



O O 



££ 



"3 •= c 

»+» R 

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t^ t^ x r^ 

CO CO CO CO 



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144 



FOOTHILL BELT OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



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WELL STATISTICS. 



145 













a 


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INDEX. 



A. Page. 

Absorption, rate of 28-29 

relation of, to character of soil 26-28 

to floods 25-26 

Alhambra Addition "Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 120 

Alldre tunnel, description of 88 

Alley, Charles, well of, fluctuations in 61-62 

Allin,.T. D., aid of 67 

Alluvium, wacer in 11 

See also Earlier alluvium; Later allu- 
vium. 

Alvarado, M. , water rights of 80 

American Beet and Sugar Co., wells of 145, 

146-147,148 
Anaheim, rainf all at 19 

underground water at, fluctuations of . . 54 
Arroyo Seco, description of 9 

development in 125, 128 

flow of 123 

panoramic view on 8 

wells on 125 

Artesian areas, maps showing Pocket. 

Artesian Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of. 95-96 
Artesian water, geographic extent of 54 

geographic extent of, maps showing. Pocket. 

use of, growth of 7 

Azusa, flow at 99-101 

Azusa Agricultural Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 105-106 

Azusa Irrigating Co., irrigation plant of. . 101-102 

well of, fluctuations in 59 

B. 

Baker & Son, well of 45 

Baldwin, T. J., irrigation plants of 115-116 

Banbury well, description of 128 

Basins, depths of 33 

floors of 31-32 

See also Reservoirs, underground. 
Beardslee Water Ditch Co., irrigation plant. 110- 

111,113-114 

Big Dalton Canyon, water of 107-108 

Bradford street well, description of . . 131, 132. 133 
Rrown, W. P., well of, section of, figure 

showing 40 

Bunker Hill dike, location of 53 

C. 

Canals, location of, maps showing Pocket. 

Canyon Ridge Water Co. , irrigation plant of 87 

well of 143 

Canyon Water Co. of Pomona, irrigation 

plant of 80-81 

Cathcart, R., well of 85 

Chapea Water Co., irrigation plant of 119 

Chino, artesian belt near 39-42 

47505— irr 219—08—12 



Page. 

wells at and near 32, 40, 41, 145-148 

Chino Creek, flow of 40 

Chino Land and Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 89-90 

wells of 147, 148. 151 

Cienaga Land and Water Co., history of 94 

Citizens Light and Power Co., irrigation 

plant of 89 

wells of 150 

Citrus Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of. . 106 
Clapp, W. B., absorption measurements by. 28 

Claremont, water supply of 89 

Claremont Cooperative Power Co., irriga- 
tion plant of 88 

wells of 150 

Coast Range, coastal plain west of, study of. 7 

Columbia Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 106-107 

Conservation. See Waters. 
Consolidated Water Co. of Pomona, irriga- 
tion plant of 84-85 

wells of 150, 151 

Copeland well, description of 128 

Covina Irrigating Co., irrigation plant 

of 98, 102-105 

wells of 45 

Cucamonga, wells at, data on 142-144 

Cucamonga fan, absorption work on 26 

Cucamonga Fruit Land Co., history of 72-73 

Cucamonga lands, irrigation of 71-74 

Cucamonga Plains, description of . . . , 9, 14 

gravel in, depth of 33 

Cucamonga quadrangle, artesian map of. Pocket. 

irrigation in 139 

irrigation map of Pocket . 

wells in, data on 140-151 

Cucamonga tunnel, section of, figure showing 34 
Cucamonga Water Co., history of 71-73 

irrigation plant of 73-74 

wells of 142-143 

figure showing 35 

Culver well, yield of 131, 132, 133 

Currier, A. T., irrigation plant of 90 

wells of 149, 152 

Currier Tract Water Co., irrigation plant of. 90 

well of 152 

Cypress Avenue Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 110 

D. 

Dalton, wells near, data on 156. 159-160 

Dams, submerged, construction of 52 

view of 52 

Day Canyon, flow in 68 

Deacon, Sidney, well of, fluctuations in 60 

Deacon wells, description of 45-46 

177 



178 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Deer Canyon, flow in. . „ 69 

Del Monte cienaga, location and character of 35 
water of 82-83 

Del Monte Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 81-82 
wells of... 149,151 

Devils Gate, development at... 52,126-128,130-131 

springs at 52 

submerged dam at, view at 52 

view of 52 

wells at 125 

Dikes, character of 38 

origin of 11 

Duarte, irrigation plants at 110-114 

wells at, data on 154 

Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Co., ir- 
rigation plant of 110-113 

E. 

Earlier alluvium, description of 11-12, 44 

dip of ; . . . 12, 35 

occurrence of 35, 43-44 

underflow deflected by 12, 35, 36, 44 

uplift of 11-12 

water in 11, 35-37 

East Pasadena Land and Water Co., wells 

of 52-53 

East Whittier Land and Water Co., well 

of 31-32, 49 

well of, section of, figure showing 32 

Eaton Canyon, flow from 117 

Eddy tunnel. See Cucamonga tunnel. 

El Molino Canyon, flow of 120 

Elmonte, well at 49 

Equivalents, useful, list of 139 

Erosion, work of 14-15, 18, 30-31 

Etiwanda Canyon, flow in 68 

Etiwanda Water Co., irrigation plant of . . . 67-68 
Euclid Avenue Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 120-121 

well of 53 

Evaporation, estimate of 29 

Fans, alluvial, origin of 30-31 

Fault lines, description of 16 

Ferry, William, well of, fluctuations in 60 

Fickewirth, Edward, well of 49 

well of, section of, figure showing 50 

Field work, description of 7 

Firth, E . , well of, fluctuations in 58-59 

Fish Creek, water of .' 111-112 

Fish, A. J., jr., work of 139 

Floods, absorption of 25-26 

waste by 22 

Foothill belt, area of 8 

importance of 8 

irrigation in. . v 8 

land in, value of 8 

Forests, relation of, to run-off 22-23, 25 

Frostless Belt Water Co., irrigation plant of 96-97 

Fryer, J. M., well of 152 

Fryer, Mrs. S. L., well of 152 

Fryer ranch, well on 152 

G. 

Garvey Water Co., irrigation plant of 119-120 

Geography, description of 8-9, 13 

See also Physiography. 



Page. 

Geologic history, outline of 15 

Geology, relation of, to underground wa- 
ters 10-13 

Gird well, section of, figure showing 39 

Glaciation, features of 30-31 

Glenarm street wells, description of 133 

Glendora-Azusa Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 108-109 

Glendora Water Co.. history of 107 

Graves & Bean, wells of 51,53 

Ground water, level of, fluctuations in 54-67 

level of, maps showing Pocket. 

Ground-water districts, descriptions of 33-54 

Grunsky, C. E., formula of, for flow of 

wells = 137 

H. 

Hall, W. H., on irrigation ~ 67 

Henderson, P. S., well of 140 

Hermosa Water Co., irrigation plant of 68-70 

well of 1 42 

Historical geology, outline of 15 

Howell well, description of 42 

Hydrographic contours, maps showing. Pocket. 

I. 

Igneous rocks, water in 1 10 

Indian Hill, gravel of 12,34 

Ioamosa Water Co., irrigation plant of 70-71 

Irrigation Company of Pomona, irrigation 

plant of 82-83 

wells of 45,82, 151 

Irrigation enterprises, description of 67-137 

maps showing Pocket. 

summary of 13g 

Irwindale, irrigation plants at 109-110 

Irwindale Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 109 

K. 
Kingsley T ract Water Co., irrigation plant of 85-8& 

L. 

La Canada, well at, data on 173 

Lake Vineyard, wells at 125 

La Puente, wells at 154, 157, 159, 160 

Later alluvium, water in 11, 12, 35-37 

Laverne, irrigation near 92-93, 96 

Laverne Irrigating Co 92-93 

Laverne Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 92 

Lemon, wells near 42 

Lincoln Avenue Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 117-118 

Linnastruth, B., wells of 152 

wells of, fluctuations in 57 

Lippincott, J? B., table by 139 

Literature, description of 7-8 

Little Dalton Canyon, waters of 108 

Little Santa Anita Canyon, waters of 115-1HJ 

Lorbeer well, description of 41 

section of, figure showing 41 

Lordsburg, irrigation near 91-92 

wells near, fluctuations in 61-62 

Lordsburg Water Co., irrigation plant of. . . 91-92 
Los Angeles, rainfall at 19, - 1 

wells at 169, 171- 1 73 

Los Nogales, wells at, data on 169 

Los Robles Canyon, waters of 120-121 



INDEX. 



179 



M. Page. 

McClintock, Lee, & St. Clair, well of 42 

Maps, comment on 138 

Maps, artesian, of Cucamonga quadran- 
gle Pocket. 

of Pasadena quadrangle Pocket. 

of Pomona quadrangle Pocket. 

of southern California Valley Pocket. 

Maps, irrigation, of Cucamonga quadran- 
gle Pocket. 

of Pasadena quadrangle Pocket. 

of Pomona quadrangle Pocket. 

Marengo Water Co., irrigation plant of . . 121-122 
Martin cienaga, location and character of... 35 

water of 81-82 

Massey, F. H.. well of, fluctuations in 61 

Millard Canyon, waters of 117-118 

Monk Hill, character of 50, 51 

Monrovia "Water Co., irrigation plant of 114 

Montebello Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 122 

Mountains, age of 17-18 

origin of 14-15,16 

rainfall in 19 

Mountain View Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 86 

wells of 144 

Mud Springs cienaga, water of 93 

N. 

Neff , records of 54 

New Deal Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 96 

N orth Pasadena basin, wells of 51 

North Pasadena Land and Water Co., irri- 
gation plant of 122-124 

O. 

Oil, relation of, to Mult lines 16 

Old Settlers Water Co., irrigation plant of. . 74 

Ontario colony, irrigation in 75-78 

OntarioWater Co.,irrigation plant of. 75, 76, 79-80 

wells of 150 

Orange Avenue Land and Water Co., irriga- 
tion plant of 109 

Orange Grove Water Co., irrigation plant of 87-88 

P. 

Palomares, Ignacio, water rights of 80 

Palomares cienaga, explanation of 38-39, 42 

panoramic view of 8 

waters of , 39, 56 

Palomares Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 83 

wells of 151 

Pasadena, rainfall at 20, 21 

Pasadena basin, underground waters of 50-54 

wells of 51, 53 

fluctuations in 65-66 

Pasadena Lake Vineyard Land and Water 

Co., irrigation plant of. 124-130 

well of 51 

Pasadena Land and Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 125, 130-135 

well of 53 

Pasadena quadrangle, artesian map of. . Pocket. 

irrigation in 139 

irrigation map of Pocket. 

wells in. data on 160-175 



Page. 

Paso de Bartolo, description of 48 

springs near 47 

wells at 166, 168-16§, 1 73 

Percolation, factors of 26-28 

Peyton well, description of 45 

section of, figure showing 45 

Physiography, outline of 13-18 

Pipe lines, location of, maps showing Pocket. 

Pomona, irrigation at 80-84 

rainfall at 20, 21 

water supply of 84 

wells near 32, 42 

fluctuations in 56-58, 62-64 

Pomona Land and Water Co., litigation of 77 

Pomona quadrangle, artesian map of . . . Pocket. 

irrigation in 139 

irrigation map of Pocket. 

wells in, data on 152-160 

Potrero de Felipe Lugo, wells at, data on. . . 165- 

166, 173 

Potrero Grande, wells at, data on 163, 

165-166, 175 

Precipice Canyon Water Co., irrigation 

plant of 117 

Puente Hills, rocks of 10 

Pumping plants, increasing use of 7 

location of, maps showing Pocket. 

Pv. 

Rainfall, distribution and amount of 18-21 

importance of 22-24 

Raymond Hill, wells near 53 

Raymond Hill dike, description of 31 

effects of 53 

Red Hills, description of 34 

gravel of 12 

sections through, figures showing 34 

waters of 35-37 

Red Hills formation. See Earlier alluvium. 

Relief, age of 17-18 

causes of 14-15, 18 

Reservoirs, surface, lack of 24 

Reservoirs, underground, flow from 31-33 

origin of .• 14, 18, 29 

replenishment of 23-24, 28-29 

Riverside, rainfall at 19 

Riverside Vineyard Association, well of 140 

Rock floor, character of 31-33 

Run-off, factors in 22-23 

S. 

San Antonio, wells at, data on 169, 172-173 

San Antonio Canyon, underground waters 

from 37-39 

water of 80, 85 

San Antonio Creek, absorption work on 26 

San Antonio fan, growth of 42 

San Antonio Water Co., irrigation plant of 75-78,80 

litigation of 72-73 

wells of 143-144,149 

section of, figure showing 36 

San Bernardino, rainfall at 19, 21 

San Bernardino basin, depth of 33 

study of 8 

underground water in, fluctuations in. . 55 
San Bernardino Range, physiography of... 17-18 
San Dimas, irrigation near 93-96 






180 



INDEX. 




Page. 

San Dimas, wells near 96 

fluctuations in 58-60 

San Dimas Canyon, flow from 93-95 

San Dimas district, gravel in, depth of 45-46 

location of 43 

surface conditions in 43-45 

underground water in 45-47 

development of 43 

San Dimas Irrigation Co., irrigation plant of 93-95 
San Dimas Land and Water Co., history of. 93-94 

San Dimas Wash, description of 43 

section across, figure showing 47 

underground water of 95 

wells in 107-108 

Sands, absorptive capacity of 26-28 

San Francisquito, wells at, data on... 164-167,175 

San Gabriel Canyon, underflow of 102 

San Gabriel Orange Grove Association, irri- 
gation plant of 125-126, 131 

San Gabriel Power Co., history of Ill 

San Gabriel Range, physiography of 17-18 

rocks of 10 

section of, figure showing 38 

San Gabriel River, description of 9 

flow of 24, 98-101, 111 

San Gabriel Valley, absorption in 28-29 

depth of 32-33 

description of 9, 13-14, 48-49 

gravel of, depth of 49 

irrigation in 28 

irrigation systems of 97-106 

underground water of 47-50 

wells in, fluctuations of 64-65 

San Jose, wells at and near, data on 147- 

149,151-153,156-160 

San Jose Creek, description of 42, 55 

San Jose Ranch Co., history of 93 

San Jose Valley, irrigation plants in 90-91 

underground water of 42, 55 

wells in 42 

San Gabriel Wash, description of 9 

San Pasqual, wells at, data on. 161-162, 168, 173-175 

San Pasqual Wash, wells on 121 

San Rafael, wells at, data on 169-171, 173 

San Rafael Hills, rocks of 10 

Santa Ana River, flow of 40 

Santa Ana Wash, absorption work in 25-26 

Santa Anita, irrigation near 116 

wells at, data on 160-163, 167-168, 174-175 

Santa Anita Canyon, water of 115 

Santa Anita Co., irrigation plant of 114- 1-15 

Santa Monica Mountains, rocks of 10 

Sawpit Canyon, waters of 114-115 

Seasons, character of 18 

relation of, to well fluctuations 54-67 

Sedimentary rocks, water in 10-11 

Sexton Bros., well of 140 

Sheep Corral, developments at 130-131, 132 

springs at 52 

Sierra Madre Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 115,116 



Page. 
Slichter, C. S., on percolation through sand. 26-27 

on underflow 29 

Soils, character of, relation of, to percolation 28 
Southern California, valley of. See Valley 
of Southern California. 

Spadra, wells near 42 

Sparks, U. L., well of 45 

Storage, facilities for 24 

Storage, underground. See Reservoirs, 
underground. 

Streams, run-off in 22-23 

Sunny Slope, wells at 65, 118-119 

Sunny Slope Water Co., irrigation plant of 118-119 

Sunset Water Co., irrigation plant of 74-75 

wells of 142 

wells of, section of, figure showing 3e 

T. 

Tables, comment on 138-139 

Temperature, relation of to rainfall 19 

Titus ranch, well on 65 

Topography, outline of 13-18 

U. 

Underflow, permanence of 23-24 

source of 23 

See also Reservoirs, underground. 

Upland, irrigation near 87 

Upland Water Co., irrigation plant of 87 

well of 142 

V. 

Valleyfill, depth of 33 

origin of 30 

Valley of Southern California, artesian 

map of Pocket. 

definition of 13 

subdivisions of 13-14 

Valleys, age of 17-18 

origin of 14-15,16,29 

Verdugo Canyon, waters of 135-136 

Verdugo Canyon Water Co., irrigation plant 

of 135-137 

Verdugo Mountains, rocks of 10 

Vineland, wells near, fluctuations in 60-61 

Vineland irrigation district, irrigation 

plants of 110 

Waters, absorption of 25-26 

Conservation of 25-26 

Water supplies, dependence of, on rainfall. . 22-24 
Wells, data on 140-175 

depths of 31-32 

location of, maps showing Pocket. 

water level in, fluctuations of 54-67 

maps showing Pocket. 

Wells, flowing, yield of 137-138 

Western Water and Power Co., irrigation 

plant of 107-108 

well of, section of, figure showing 46 

White, W. U., work of 67,139 

Woyden, well near, description of 31-32, 49 

Avell near, record of, figure showing 32 

Wright, E. T., aid of 67 



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